In this paper, we have demonstrated and designed a 2D photonic crystal-based biosensor with line defect, which can detect glucose concentration in urine. Simulation and analysis have been done in order to detect glucose concentration in normal urine (0-15 mg/dL), urine with 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 gm/dL of glucose concentration in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm. Finite-difference time-domain method has been used for the analysis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology electromagnetic equation propagation and MIT photonic bands simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal, and IPKISS software framework has been used for generation of mask design, which can be used for the fabrication of the photonic crystal sensor. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index, there will be a moderate shift in the frequency and transmitted output power and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index.

In this paper, a 2D photonic crystal sensor using gratings has been designed for the analysis of Basal, Breast and Cervical cancer cells. The grating design, incorporated in the photonic crystal waveguide increases the efficiency and sensitivity of the designed sensor. The fact that index of refraction of the cancer cells differs from the normal cell, it can be differentiated and detected using optical techniques. The shift in the wavelength and intensity levels in the reflection spectrum has been observed for cancer and normal cells. FDTD method has been used for analyzing cells .MEEP simulation tool has been used for modeling and designing of sensor.

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in optical biosensors bio-molecules are unlabeled or unmodified and are detected in their natural forms. Photonic crystal based biosensors measure change in the refractive index induced by molecular interactions, which are related to the sample concentration instead of total sample mass. In this paper we have demonstrated a 2-dimensional photonic crystal based optical sensor with line defect which can detect different concentrations of glucose in urine from 0-15 mg/dL to 10 gm/dL in the wavelength range of 1530-1565 nm and it is indicator of presence of high glucose level in blood which is responsible for causing Diabetes Mellitus. MEEP (MIT Electromagnetic Equation Propagation) and MPB (MIT Photonic Bands) simulation tools have been used for modeling and designing of photonic crystal. It has been observed from the band structure that for minute variations (0.001) in refractive index of urine which occurs due to change in the concentration of glucose present in it, there will be a moderate shift in the transmitted output power and resonance frequency in the range of 0.293716 -0.294065 (in Meep units) and hence it acts as a sensor. This indicates that it is highly sensitive for the change in refractive index.