Thailand plays a central economic and policy-making role in Southeast Asia. Although climate change adaptation is being mainstreamed in Thailand, a well-organized overview of the impacts of climate change and potential adaptation measures has been unavailable to date. Here we present a comprehensive review of climate-change impact studies that focused on the Thai water sector, based on a literature review of six sub-sectors: riverine hydrology, sediment erosion, coastal erosion, forest hydrology, agricultural hydrology, and urban hydrology. Our review examined the long-term availability of observational data, historical changes, projected changes in key variables, and the availability of economic assessments and their implications for adaptation actions. Although some basic hydrometeorological variables have been well monitored, specific historical changes due to climate change have seldom been detected. Furthermore, although numerous future projections have been proposed, the likely changes due to climate change remain unclear due to a general lack of systematic multi-model and multi-scenario assessments and limited spatiotemporal coverage of the study area. Several gaps in the research were identified, and ten research recommendations are presented. While the information contained herein contributes to state-of-the-art knowledge on the impact of climate change on the water sector in Thailand, it will also benefit other countries on the Indochina Peninsula with a similar climate.

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Soil is one of the most important natural resources on Earth. Information on soil loss is important to support agricultural productivity and natural resource management.Therefore, this research aimed to estimate and map mean annual soil erosion and sediment deposition using a geographic information system (GIS). The soil loss in each grid cell was analysed by the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model. The parameters of the RUSLE including rainfall, soil type, and land use were calculated in each grid cell from a digital elevation model with of 1-km 2 resolution. Furthermore, sediment deposition was derived from the RUSLE model and used in GIS software to generate soil loss capacity maps. The results show that soil erosion occurred over all parts of Thailand, especially in the northern and southern parts due to the topography, geology, and land cover. The sediment was deposited in grid cells where the elevation was low, primarily near rivers. The results of this research support local land development policies that are implemented to control sediment yields during development.

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We examined the variability of ocean indices and rainfall in the Chao Phraya River Basin. We used rescaled adjusted partial sums (RAPS) to analyse the relationship between rainfall and various ocean indices, such as the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), sea surface temperature indices and the Dipole Mode Index (DMI). Rainfall in the Chao Phraya River basin was strongly correlated with the SOI index. Furthermore, results of the analysis accounted for the location of the rainfall station and showed that rainfall in the high‐latitude area of the Chao Phraya River Basin was most highly correlated with the SOI index. However, sea surface temperature (SST) indices were more highly correlated with rainfall than the SOI index in the low‐latitude area.