Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a solar cell device that works using electrochemical principles in which sensitive dyes are absorbed in the TiO2 photoelectrode layer. The problem of DSSC-based natural dyes is the lower efficiency than silicon solar cells. This low efficiency is due to the barrier of electron transfer in the TiO2 semiconductor layer. In this study, the addition of clathrin protein to the TiO2 layer was used to increase electron transfer in the semiconductor layer resulting in improved DSSC performance. Clathrin is a protein that plays a role in the formation of transport vesicle membrane in eukaryotic cells. The method used in this study is clathrin protein with a concentration of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% added to TiO2 in DSSC structure. Photovoltaic characteristics of DSSC were measured using a data logger to determine the performance of DSSC, layer morphology was analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the element content in DSSC was analyzed using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and functional groups in DSSC layers were analyzed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The result of this study is the addition of clathrin protein can improve DSSC performance, which resulted in the highest performance of DSSC on 75% clathrin protein addition with efficiency=1.465%, Isc=5.247 mA, and Voc=657 mV. From the results of SEM analysis, it appears that clathrin protein molecules fill the cavities in TiO2 molecules. EDS analysis shows an increase in carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus content in TiO2 layers with increasing clathrin protein concentration. FTIR analysis shows an increasingly sharp absorption in the FTIR spectrum of protein-forming functional groups by increasing clathrin protein concentration in DSSC.

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is a solar cell that uses dyes to convert sunlight into electricity, which has a wide absorption spectrum, is inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Visible light sensitive dyes are used in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) types to generate electricity. Natural sensitive dyes that are commonly used in DSSC are chlorophyll derived from plants. Chlorophyll is a source of electrons which will be excited when exposed to light, resulting in an electric current in the DSSC. The most basic problem in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) is that the number of electrons produced is still lower than that of silicon solar cells. This is due to the high recombination process of free electrons due to limited diffusion of electrons trapped at the boundary between TiO2 particles caused by less than optimal contact between particles. Clathrin is a protein that plays an important role in the formation of the vesicle layer which is responsible for the transport of molecules in cells. As a protein that plays an important role in the cell transport system, Clathrin can bind to ions in order to transport cells. This study has proven that the addition of Clathrin protein to the DSSC layer can increase the number of electrons generated in the DSSC. The method used in this study was to vary the addition of Clathrin content to TiO2, namely the Clathrin concentration of 0 %, 25 %, 50 % and 75 %. The results showed that increasing the Clathrin content would increase the electric current and the number of electrons generated by the DSSC, namely the 75 % Clathrin content with an electric current of 5,247 mA and the number of electrons was 3.28x1016

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) has the cost of fabrication is relatively cheap, easy to produce, work on the area of the visible light and environmentally friendly. The shortage of DSSC, namely the efficiency is still low compared with solar cells of silicon. In this study, have been successfully fabricated DSSC with clathrin protein deposited. The method used in this research is to deposit clathrin protein in porous TiO2 semiconductors with a concentration of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. Tests carried out on the DSSC that has been made current testing electricity using a solar simulator to determine the changes in electrical current that occur in DSSC. The conclusion from this research is that with increasing concentration of the addition of the clathrin protein in the DSSC leads to an increase in the electric current generated by DSSC. From the results of testing using a solar simulator obtained the value of electric current is the highest, namely 5.247 mA with the addition of the concentration of the clathrin protein by 75%.

[13]. Masing-masing proses ini mempunyai potensi akibat yang penting pada skala regional dan global. Gelembung secara langsung atau tidak langsung meningkatkan pertukaran gas antara lautan dan atmosfir bumi yang penting untuk iklim global seperti metana, karbondioksida, dan fluorokarbon. Gelembung secara langsung menukar gas pada atmosfir dan lautan dengan cara difusi melalui penghubung gelembung di lautan. Secara tidak langsung gelembung berkontribusi terhadap pertukaran gas dengan cara mengganggu lapisan mikro permukaan [14], dengan pembangkitan turbulensi gelembung timbul pada bagian atas lautan [13], dan untuk pelepasan gas ketika gelembung pecah pada permukaan [7].Pembentukan bubble plume (sebagai contoh pecahan ombak) dapat menyebabkan pembangkitan turbulensi. Mekanisme pembentukan turbulensi mengubah profil kecepatan turbulen di dalam lapisan batas lautan, dengan demikian meningkatkan transfer gas [14]. Bubble plumes juga menyebabkan pergerakan fluida [15], meningkatkan pertukaran dan pencampuran gas.Penelitian terdahulu yang telah dilakukan antara lain oleh Catherine Colin dan Dominique Legendre (2004), yang meneliti pengaruh dari gaya gravitasi (melalui kecepatan hanyut gelembung) dan turbulensi dari phase cairan terhadap distribusi radial dari gelembung pada aliran turbulen gelembung dalam pipa. Eksperimen dan simulasi numerik dilakukan dengan perbedaan kondisi gaya gravitasi (aliran vertikal keatas, aliran kebawah dan aliran gaya gravitasi mikro). Dari tiga arah aliran