BackgroundIn vitro studies show that Leishmania infection decreases the adhesion of inflammatory phagocytes to connective tissue by a mechanism dependent on the modulation of integrin function. However, we know little about the influence of this reduction in leukocyte adhesion on parasite dissemination from the infection site.MethodsIn this work, we used a model of chronic peritonitis induced by thioglycollate to study the effect of L. amazonensis infection on the ability of inflammatory phagocyte populations to migrate from an inflammatory site to the draining lymph node. Uninfected or Leishmania-infected thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells were transferred from C57BL/6 to BALB/c mice or from Ly5.1+ to Ly5.1- mice. The transferred cells were injected into the peritoneal cavity and tracked to the draining lymph node.ResultsMigrating cells corresponded to approximately 1% of the injected leukocytes. The proportion of migrating CD11b+CD11c+ (myeloid dendritic cell) was lower after incubation with Leishmania (1.3 to 2.6 times lower in the experiments using C57BL/6 to BALB/c animals and 2.7 to 3.4 times lower in the experiments using Ly5.1+ to Ly5.1- animals) than after leukocyte incubation with medium alone (P < 0.01). There was no consistent decrease in the migration of CD11b+F4/80+ (macrophage) or SSChi GR-1+ (neutrophil) populations.ConclusionsCoincubation with Leishmania changes the migratory pattern of dendritic cells in vivo. Such changes in dendritic cell migration may be associated with immunological events that maintain inflammation at the sites of infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-450) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Leishmania infection interferes with integrin function. In this work we use a model of chronic peritonitis to study the effect of L. amazonensis infection upon the ability of phagocytes populations to migrate from an inflammatory site to the draining lymph node (dLN). First we showed that macrophage recruitment into the peritoneum and migration to the dLN were both maximal 4 days after thioglycollate injection into the peritoneum. At this time point, cell tracking assays using cell transfer between MHC-mismatched mice showed that 1% of the leukocytes injected into the peritoneum migrated to the dLN after 24h. In the mice injected with cells cultivated with medium alone adoptive cells represented 14% of the peritoneal cells. Among these leukocytes 57% were macrophages, 2% were neutrophils and 35% were myeloid dendritic cells. In the LN, 22% of the migrating cells were macrophages, 4% were neutrophils and 25% were myeloid dendritic cells. In the mice injected with leukocytes co-cultivated with Leishmania adoptive cells represented 12% of the peritoneal cells. Among these cells 44% were macrophages, 1% were neutrophils and 46% were dendritic cells. In the LN 19% of the migrating cells were macrophages, 2% were neutrophils and 12% were myeloid dendritic cells. Our data show that: (1) A variety of phagocytes are able to migrate from the inflammatory site to the dLN. (2) Populations of Leishmania-infected dendritic cells appear to be retained in the peritoneum.

Introduction: The coexistence of synchronic duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and neuroendocrine tumor in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is extremely rare, and only eight cases were described in the literature. Clinical Case: This is a rare case of a 38-year-old female patient with NF1 who developed synchronic GIST and neuroendocrine tumor, which were both in the second portion of the duodenum. The first symptoms were abrupt digestive bleeding and anemia. Upper digestive endoscopy revealed two tumors, sizes 2.5 and 3.0 cm, in the second portion of duodenum, with biopsies identifying a GIST and a neuroendocrine tumor. Therapeutic decision was to proceed to surgical resection, and Whipple's procedure was indicated. Surgical procedure was performed with good outcome. Currently the patient has excellent quality of life and maintains follow up for thirty months without recurrence. Discussion: Long-term disease-free survival and excellent quality of life are reported when these tumors are fully resected in this context. However, it is not always easy to access the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine, and proceed to the histopathologic diagnosis of these tumors. Conclusion: It is important to be aware of the possibility of the coexistence of various tumors in the NF1 scenario for adequate screening, staging, and surgical treatment of these patients, as good prognosis can be achieved when such tumors are detected and treated properly.

Resumo-Trabalhos anteriores comparam o desempenho do DCCP com protocolos clássicos sob tráfego CBR. Neste trabalho, o DCCP (CCID2 e CCID3) é comparado a duas variantes do TCP (CTCP e CUBIC), utilizando-se os padrões de tráfego VoIP e CBR. No cenário proposto, os protocolos disputam o mesmo enlace em contenc ¸ão. Os resultados sugerem que, sob contenc ¸ão, o desempenho do CCID2 é superior ao do CTCP e do CCID3; o CUBIC obtém melhor vazão, porém com menor taxa de entrega; o CTCP supera apenas o CCID3.