Indian biodiversity is a hub for medicinal plants. Extensive research has been carried out to select plants with numerous properties which can be used for human welfare. Present research is about Cymbopogon citratus , an economically valuable medicinal plant. In this study Cymbopogon citratus was elected as a subject plant over the five selected plants ( Azadirachta indica , Plumeria obtuse , Sapindus mukorossi , Capsicum annuum and Phyllanthus emblica ) on the basis of antibacterial effect against dominating pathogenic species of gram positive ( Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis ) and gram negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli ) bacteria. Further, bioactive agents behind antibacterial potential of Cymbopogon citratus was analyzed using analytical method (Phyto-chemical, FTIR, NMR and GC-MS). Due to the broad antimicrobial spectrum, silver nanoparticles have turned into a noteworthy decision for the improvement of new medication. Therefore, this investigation further elaborated in the development of Cymbopogon citratus silver nano-particles (CNPs). Antibacterial potential of CNPs examine in a range of C 25 –C 150 (μg/ml) through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) where, C 25 (μg/ml) concentration of CNPs were recorded as the MIC for all bacterial species and C 25 (μg/ml) and C 50 (μg/ml) noted as the MBC for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis , respectively. In agar disk diffusion assay of CNPs, maximum diameter of zone of inhibition was observed for C 150 (μg/ml) concentration Bacillus cereus (20.12 ± 0.42), Bacillus licheniformis (22.34 ± 0.4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35.23 ± 0.46) and Escherichia coli (31.87 ± 0.24). Involvement of bioactive component as a reducing and capping agent can be confirmed through FTIR spectrum of CNPs. Moreover XRD, EDXRF and SEM showed crystalline and cuboidal nature of CNPs with ∼ 35 nm sizes. Prominently, cytotoxic analysis was conducted to understand the toxic effect of CNPs. This research highlights the potential of CNPs due to the bioactive components present in Cymbopogon citratus extract: Polyphenols (phenol; 1584.56 ± 16.32 mg/L, Flavanoids) and mixture of terpenoids (Citral, Myrcene, Farnesol, β-myrcene and β –Pinene)

Bio-corrosion is a well-known phenomenon of corrosion caused by bacterial communities.

Purpose In the present research, the potential of reactivated consortium for the methane production consuming waste coal as a carbon source (1% w/v) in the modified media at mesophilic temperature (37 °C) was determined. Methods Media modification was conducted for the enhancement of methane production by selecting three different components from the two media, i.e., Methanosprillium sp. producing media (MSP) and methane-producing bacteria media (MPB). From MSP medium, C2H2NaO2 (sodium acetate), KH2PO4 (potassium dihydrogen the phosphate), and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) whereas from MPB medium; yeast extract, peptone, and NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) were selected in the range of 0.5–2.5 (g/l). Analytical assay, i.e., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were conducted. Further, compatibility study and pathogenicity was performed. Results In the present study, reactivated consortia was used therefore key components of the media were modified. In case of MPB medium, 2 g/l of yeast extract, 2 g/l peptone, and 1 g/l NH4Cl showed the promising results; whereas for MSP medium, 1 g/l of KH2PO4, 0.5 g/l of NaHCO3, and 1.5 g/l of C2H2NaO2 were noted to be the suitable range for methane production. Analytical studies confirmed the presences of -OH and aliphatic groups which majorly belongs to alkane, alkene, and phenol derivative compounds whereas SEM and EDX studies delineated the active interaction of bacteria with coal particles and presences of carbon (C) as a major peak in untreated coal and absence of C peak in microbial treated coal. In addition, a compatibility study was performed and their successful results aid in the future approach of field implementation. Further, pathogenicity data indicated the non-virulent and non-toxic nature of the consortia. Conclusions The production of waste coal is one of the most problematic and common activities of the mining industry. They release toxic substances into the environment (water, air, and soil) and damage the local biodiversity. Therefore, the generation of biogenic methane from waste coal is an environmentally friendly approach to overcome this problem.

Purpose: In the present research, the potential of reactivated consortium for the methane production consuming waste coal as a carbon source (1% w/v) in the modified media at mesophilic temperature (37°C) was determined. Methods: Media modification was conducted for the enhancement of methane production by selecting three different components from the two media i.e. Methanosprillium sp producing media (MSP) and Methane producing bacteria media (MPB). From MSP medium; C2H2NaO2 (sodium acetate), KH2PO4 (potassium dihydrogen the phosphate) and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) whereas from MPB medium; yeast extract, peptone, and NH4Cl (ammonium chloride) were selected in the range of 0.5-2.5 (g/l). Analytical assay i.e Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were conducted. Further, compatibility study and pathogenicity was performed.Results: In the present study reactivated consortia was used therefore key components of the media were modified. In case of MPB medium: 2g/l of yeast extract, 2g/l peptone and 1 g/l NH4Cl showed the promising results. Whereas, for MSP medium: 1 g/l of KH2PO4, 0.5 g/l of NaHCO3 and 1.5 g/l of C2H2NaO2 were noted to be the suitable range for methane production. Analytical studies confirmed the presences of -OH and aliphatic groups which majorly belongs to alkane, alkene, and phenol derivatives compounds whereas Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies delineated the active interaction of bacteria with coal particles. In addition, a compatibility study was performed and their successful results aid in the future approach of field implementation. Further, pathogenicity data indicated the non-virulent and non-toxic nature of the consortia. Conclusions: Production of waste coal is one of the most problematic and common activities of the mining industry. They release toxic substances into the environment (water, air, and soil) and damage the local biodiversity. Therefore, the generation of biogenic methane from waste coal is an environmentally friendly approach to overcome this problem.