Variation in the genetic risk(s) of developing Parkinson's disease (PD) undoubtedly contributes to the subsequent phenotypic heterogeneity. Although patients with PD who undergo deep brain stimulation (DBS) are a skewed population, they represent a valuable resource for exploring the relationships between heterogeneous phenotypes and PD genetics. In this series, 94 patients who underwent DBS were screened for mutations in the most common genes associated with PD. The consequent genetic subgroups of patients were compared with respect to phenotype, levodopa (l-dopa), and DBS responsiveness. An unprecedented number (29%) of patients tested positive for at least 1 of the currently known PD genes. Patients with Parkin mutations presented at the youngest age but had many years of disease before needing DBS, whereas glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutation carriers reached the threshold of needing DBS earlier, and developed earlier cognitive impairment after DBS. DBS cohorts include large numbers of gene positive PD patients and can be clinically instructive in the exploration of genotype-phenotype relationships.

Background and purpose Hypomimia is a prominent clinical feature in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD), but it remains under‐investigated. We aimed to examine the clinical correlates of hypomimia in PD and to determine whether this is a levodopa‐responsive sign. Methods We included 89 people with PD. Hypomimia was assessed from digital video recordings by movement disorder specialists. Clinical evaluation included use of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS‐III), and assessment of motor and non‐motor symptoms using standardized clinical scales. The relationships between hypomimia and other clinical data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U‐tests and regression analysis. Results Hypomimia occurred in up to 70% of patients with PD. Patients with hypomimia had worse UPDRS‐III 'off‐medication' scores, mainly driven by bradykinesia and rigidity subscores. Patients with hypomimia also had worse apathy than patients without hypomimia. Finally, we found that hypomimia was levodopa‐responsive and its improvement mirrored the change by levodopa in axial motor symptoms. Conclusion Our study provides novel information regarding the clinical correlates of hypomimia in people with PD. A better understanding of hypomimia may be relevant for improving treatment and quality of life in PD.

Arsenic (As) is a hazardous and ubiquitous element; hence the quantitative detection of arsenic in various kinds of environmental sample is an important issue. Herein, we reported L-cysteine capped CdTe Quantum dot based optical sensor for the fluorometric detection of arsenic (III) in real water sample. The method is based on the fluorescence quenching of QDs with the addition of arsenic solution that caused the reduction in fluorescence intensity due to strong interaction between As and L-cysteine to form As(Cys). The calibration curve was linear over 2.0 nM-0.5 μM arsenic with limit of detection (LOD) of 2.0 nM, correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9698, and relative standard deviation (RSD %) of 5.2%. The Stern-Volmer constant for the quenching of CdTe QDs with As at optimized condition was evaluated to be 1.17 × 10 L mol s. The feasibility of the sensor has been analyzed by checking the inference of common metal ions available in the water such as K, Na, Mg, Ca, Ba, Cu, Ni, Zn, Al, Co, Cr, Fe and its higher oxidation state As. Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of As detection by L-Cysteine capped CdTe QDs.

A Pd-catalyzed aerobic approach to access C4-aryl benzoxazoles by tandem C–H ortho-arylation and acid-mediated annulation of 2-amidophenol has been presented.

The effect of tourism as an industry is multidimensional. Tourism industry nourishes a country's economy, stimulates its improvement, supports restoration of cultural values and heritage and results in sustaining worldwide harmony. Religious tourism is an unexplored sector in which only a few researchers have initiated efforts in an organized manner. Religious tourism, however, is not only destination oriented. It can also imply attracting various segments of the market. Pilgrimage tourism is the kind of tourism that completely or strongly stimulates tourists for the accomplishment of their religious outlook. This research paper discusses the present scenario of Uttar Pradesh including tourism attractions, tourism services and types. The descriptive research method is used and the paper is systematized in three basic parts: first, an analysis of multidisciplinary literature which reconnoitres the existing data on the religious places; second, how government measures are used as marketing strategies; and at the end, the paper will present economic impacts along with opportunities facing the religious tourism in Uttar Pradesh.