Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid commonly distributed in the plant kingdom and is found in edible fruits and vegetables. It is a naturally occurring triterpene that is used to reduce the inflammatory responses and also have immunomodulating properties. Lupeol and its derivatives have a great potential to act as an anti- inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferative, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic, anti-protozoal, and cholesterol-lowering agent. Various studies have shown that anti-inflammatory activity of lupeol through the modulation of p-38 pathways inhibits neuroinflammation in the cerebellum and induces neuroprotection. It has been also found effective on lung cancer (i.e A427 cancer cells and normal MRC-5 cells). Observation of inhibiting the growth of lung cancer cells is checked by MTT assay. Lupeol and its ester lupeol linoleate have been used to reduce the levels of hypercholesterolemia in the rats and decrease the activities of such enzymes namely Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+. Lupeol also decreases the levels of calcium-oxalate and has cytoprotective action against free-radical-induced damage and also decreases the level of cadmium in the kidney. Keywords: Lupeol, anti- inflammatory, anti-protozoal, triterpenoids

Force degradation study is an essential study that provides the knowledge & judgement to develop a stability indicating analytical method. This study helps to establish the specification and shelf life of a drug substance or drug product. Force degradation study show the chemical behaviour of the molecule which in turn helps in the development of formulation and package. This helps to describe the analytical methods helpful for development of stability indicating method. In addition, the regulatory guidance is very general and does not explain about the performance of forced degradation studies. Thus, this review discusses the current trends in performance of forced degradation studies by providing a strategy for conducting studies on degradation mechanisms and also describes the analytical methods helpful for development of stability indicating method.

Dendrimers are new effectiveness of polymeric substances. They are relatively branched, monodisperse macromolecules. Structural Advantages permit dendrimers to play a critical function inside the fields of nanotechnology, pharmaceutical, and medicinal chemistry. As a result in their precise behavior dendrimers are suitable for a wide variety of biomedical and commercial packages. The paper gives a quick evaluation of dendrimers’ physicochemical properties and their possible use in various regions of research, generation, and treatment.

Mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can adapt morphological changes in response to alteration in workload. Various clinical and experimental findings revealed that in response to physiological stimuli or pathological insults, the heart undergoes cardiac remodeling which can be characterized by molecular, cellular or interstitial changes and can be manifested clinically as changes in size, shape and pumping function of the heart. A Sound understanding of changes in hearts cellular and molecular components and to mediators that derive homeostatic control is necessary before a specific intervention is pursued. Summarized data of this review comprises role of various novel emerging molecular pathways involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodeling. Keywords: Cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, protein kinase, heart failure, molecular targets, pathological insult.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- alpha) plays important role in pathophysiology of cardiovascular system and had been comprehensively studied over the last 20 years.  These studies demonstrate both Detrimental and potentially conflicting roles of TNF-α in pathophysiology of heart. Beneficial effects of TNF-α includes cardioprotective action against ischemia, myocarditis, pressure overload and preventive action against potential adverse effects including development of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, TNF-α is still controversial for its beneficial or harmful effects for cardiovascular system. This review includes evaluation of possible role of TNF-α in cardiovascular system specifically in pathophysiology and morphology of cardiomyocytes. Further this article mainly emphases on the claimed role of TNF-α pathways with concerning essential cardiac cellular processes which may have unswerving adaptive effects in the heart with respect to future research directions.  Keywords: Tumor Necrosis Factor, Hypertrophy, Pathophysiology, Cytokine, Pathology, Cardiovascular System.