Health is a fundamental right for which concerned sides should bear the responsibility at the individual, societal, state, and international level. Not only curative but preventive, promotive, and rehabilitative services should also be availed in accessible, affordable, and acceptable form. The quest for health becomes more intense during adverse periods like a pandemic. The whole world has witnessed the COVID-19 pandemic, the unprecedented pandemic of this century. This quest is more dismal in developing nations like Nepal when even resource-rich countries are laid down by it. The quest of health demands, hence more during this pandemic, for the bearing of the responsibility by all. Here, we have made an attempt to draw together the general and some specific responsibilities of various direct stakeholders in this pandemic with multifaceted mayhem. We have incorporated here, the responsibilities of the public, COVID and non-COVID patients, media personnel, health science students, professionals, institutions, state, and media to ensure or safeguard the health of self and others in this pandemic.

Introduction: Neural adaptation to physical training allows a person to better coordinate the activation of all relevant muscles producing maximum force. Nerve conduction velocity measures the speed of impulse along the motor neuron and is strongly associated with muscle contraction time. This study aimed to find out the mean motor nerve conduction velocity of the right ulnar nerve among physically trained adult males in a tertiary care centre. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Neurophysiology Laboratory of a tertiary care centre from 3rd November, 2019 to 2nd November, 2020. Thirty young adult males who were engaged in the physical training at a training centre for more than 3 months were studied after receiving ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 1578/019). Motor nerve conduction parameters of the right ulnar nerve were measured and data were entered in Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 25.0. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentages for binary data, and mean and standard deviation for continuous data. Results: Among 30 males studied, the mean motor nerve conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve was found to be 61.02±5.86 m/sec (58.92-63.11 at 95% Confidence Interval). The mean distal latency and amplitude of the muscle action potential were 2.33±0.53 ms and 8.08±1.17 mv respectively. Conclusions: Our study found that the mean nerve conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve was similar when compared to studies conducted in similar settings.

Background Type 2 diabetes constitutes about 85-95% of all diabetes in developed countries, and accounts for an even higher percentage in developing countries. Diabetic retinopathy is probable the most characteristic, easily identifiable and treatable complication of diabetes, but remains an important cause of visual loss. Objective To study P100 latencies and inter ocular latency difference in diabetic group and compared it with a control group and study the correlation between P100 and inter ocular latency difference with the duration of disease in diabetic group. Method A comparative, cross sectional study was done from September 2016 to January 2018 in Neurophysiology Lab, Basic and Clinical Physiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. The sample size was 64 and random sampling technique was used. Subjects were divided into three groups according to the duration of disease. Anthropometric and visual evoked potentials were recorded. Descriptive analysis, analysis of covariance and Post Hoc multiple comparison analyses were done using SPSS 11.5. Pearson’s correlation was applied between P100 latency and inter ocular latency difference with the duration of disease. Result On using analysis of covariance, P100 latencies were significantly prolonged in diabetic as compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). Post Hoc multiple comparison showed significant differences in both left and right P100 latencies within diabetic groups and between diabetic groups and healthy controls. Left inter ocular latency difference showed positive correlation with the duration of disease. Conclusion P100 latencies are significantly prolonged in diabetes patients and is positively correlated with duration of disease. Visual evoked potential test can be useful for detecting retinal dysfunction before the appearance of symptoms of retinopathy.

Introduction: Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Nerve conduction studies and surface EMG provides a comprehensive evaluation of nerve, muscle or neuromuscular impairment. However, such studies are mostly done on professional athletes. Methods: Healthy physically active (n=17) and non-active (n=17) medical undergraduate students from B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Nepal were enrolled in the study using convenient sampling technique. Anthropometric and motor nerve conduction parameters of common peroneal nerves and surface EMG of gastrocnemius muscle were recorded using standard technique in Neurophysiology Lab II, BPKIHS. Descriptive analysis was done. Unpaired t-test was applied for comparing the nerve conduction and surface EMG variables between the groups. Pearson’s correlation was applied between anthropometric and nerve conduction & surface EMG variables. Objectives: To compare nerve conduction parameters of common peroneal nerve and surface EMG of Gastrocnemius muscle between active and non-active individuals. Results: The distal and proximal amplitudes of left common peroneal nerve were significantly higher in physically active compared to non-active individuals (LCPDA-p value: 0.026, LCPPA-p value: 0.009). Anthropometric parameters showed significant correlation with nerve conduction parameters. Conclusion: Nerve conduction parameters are affected in the physically active individuals. Anthropometric variables showed significant relation with the nerve conduction parameters. Keywords: Nerve Conduction Velocity, Surface Electromyography, Peroneal Nerve, Gastrocnemius.

A high prevalence of aura migraine in persons with the MT-CO2 m.8277 T N C mitochondrial DNA variations was more common. The present study is the first to demonstrate an association between mitochondrial dysfunction and the susceptibility to migraine with aura in carrying the MT-CO2 m.8277 T N C mutation. Additionally, knowing the level of cytochrome C oxidase in these patients may be predictive of the phenotype/genotype relationship.