To function properly, the human immune system must be adequately stimulated. Immune activity is stimulated as a result of the use of vaccines as well as the exposure of the body to infections. This type of stimulation only increases the specific humoral immunity, characterized by relatively short duration, and targeted at a well-defined antigen. In the case of the COVID-19 virus, immune memory cells persist for up to one year. In parallel with specific stimulation, it is necessary to develop non-specific immunity. It is the body’s first line of defense against infection, affects many microorganisms, and supports specific immunity. We can develop and strengthen this immunity using non-pharmacological methods, including balneotherapy, physical activity, and an appropriate diet. There is now much scientific evidence showing the effectiveness of balneotherapy in improving innate immunity. In in vitro and in vivo studies with high scientific credibility, the following effects of balneotherapy on the immune system were demonstrated: stimulation of the proliferation of T lymphocytes (especially CD4), normalization of the ratio between lymphocytes with different cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects, increased number of granulocytes and stimulation of the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and macrophages, lowering the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulating the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, CRP, prostaglandins (PGE2), as well as antioxidant and neurohormonal activity. Among treatments with balneoimmunostimulatory effects, one should mention sulfide baths, peloid compresses, brine baths, radon treatments, and hot baths. These treatments are mainly used as part of health resort treatment. In Poland, health resort treatment represents excellent health potential. Unfortunately, it is very modestly used in activities aimed at improving the immunity of Polish society. This treatment would be best combined in patients after vaccination and in a certain period before vaccination, which would significantly increase the effectiveness of prophylactic vaccinations.
Winter swimming is a complex procedure that simultaneously includes the effects of cold, water itself, physical activity, and the climate factor. All these elements are used in thermal medicine in a milder form. They also have a lot in common with Kneipp hardening therapy. In winter swimming, belonging to extreme sports, extremely strong stimuli act simultaneously. Winter swimming positively affects the cardiorespiratory system, complete blood count, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, immune system, the skin, metabolic processes, and the mental sphere. Empirically, many beneficial effects of winter swimming have been discovered, but there is very little scientific research showing this procedure’s mechanisms of action. Hence, they are often based on hypotheses. The mechanisms of action of winter swimming on complete blood count and the organism’s oxidative processes are best explained. However, the explanation of the mechanisms of action is mostly based on research conducted in cryotherapy. To obtain beneficial health effects, it is necessary to prepare properly for winter swimming and comply with the entire process’s rules, from preparation, through the treatment itself, to behavior after the procedure. In recent years, handbooks and guides have appeared in Poland that contain practical tips on the winter swimming procedure.
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