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Modulation of electrojet currents by amplitude-modulated HF heating waves creates ionospheric antenna currents to generate ELF/VLF waves. The dependence of the generation efficiency on the HF heating wave modulation scheme and frequency is studied experimentally and numerically. Three heating wave modulation schemes: (1) rectangular wave, (2) sine wave, and (3) half-wave rectified wave are examined. The experimental results show that the half-wave rectified wave modulation scheme is the most efficient one to generate signals at the modulation frequency and its second harmonic, corroborating theoretical predictions. The equations modeling the radiation process and experimental measurements include the contribution from the near field, in addition to the far field, of the antenna current and the resonant effect on the wave intensity generated in the resonator formed by the conducting ground and the plasma layer in the lower ionosphere. The numerically calculated dependency of the radiation intensity on the modulation frequency is shown in good agreement with that measured experimentally for all three modulation-schemes.

Abstract. Recent experiments carried out at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico and the magnetically conjugate location in Argentina suggest a connection between the prevalence and intensity of the interhemispheric propagation of VLF transmissions and HF heating of the ionosphere. During several nights of the study the O-mode CW heater appeared to enhance the coupling of VLF transmissions into the affected region of plasma. These signals presumably then entered plasmaspheric ducts more efficiently and led to conjugate measurements of relatively high amplitude. No such effects were seen with pulsed or X-mode heating. Short time resolution measurements of fading transmissions were marked by transit delays and amplitudes that remained nearly constant as the interhemispheric VLF signals diminished, consistent with the model of a plasmaspheric duct complemented by favorable plasma structures extending well into the F region but producing the majority of the total transit delay at plasmaspheric altitudes. It is also suggested that weak long-delay receptions often observed in these data are most probably prolongitudinal whistlers that are not ducted but which represent a potential contaminant in ducted VLF experiments of all types.

The modern model of state education in Russia promotes patriotism and devotion to the authorities. Young people must be proud of their origin and, in spite of deteriorating material conditions, should stay in the country contributing to its development. Cadet Corps Alumni are an example of a patriotic education model. Several years of learning in the military school shapes their beliefs and teaches them complete surrender to authority. Patriotism, combined with the sense of external threat, has become the driving force behind the reconstruction of the Russian superpower. One of the cornerstones of the school is the acceptance of Putin’s Russia by spreading the vision of becoming an international representative of the country. The increase in military spending and functioning of military schools such as the Corps of Cadets give rise to fears that in the future Russia the army will become one of the tools of the superpower on the arena of foreign policy.