The primary aim was to assess the test–retest reliability of an outdoor walking test with a global positioning system device in older women in a community setting. In addition, correlations between the suggested test and various tests recommended to evaluate muscle strength, walking speed, and self-perceived health status in older adults were studied. The study included 40 women aged 68 (SD = 5) years. The primary outcomes were total walked distance and mean walking speed. The secondary outcomes were lower-body strength, heart rate, speed in a 4-m walk test, and self-perceived health status. The intraclass correlation coefficients calculated for the total walked distance, mean walking speed, and mean heart rate were .94, .92, and .37, respectively. Thus, the suggested outdoor walking test with the application of a global positioning system device may be considered a reliable test tool, which can be recommended for the evaluation of walking ability among older women in a community setting.

Aim. The aim of the study was to acquire knowledge on the contribution of younger school children in organized and nonorganized physical activity. Basic procedures. The main research method was a diagnostic survey. The level of physical activity was determined on the basis of the frequency (number of days per week) and volume (number of hours per week) of organized and non-organized activity. The SPSS 21 (IBM Corp., 2012) programme was used for statistical analysis of the results. Results. The highest percentage values among the subjects in each age group were recorded in the range of the average level of physical activity. Approximately 2/3 of the subjects in each age group participated in organized physical activity. Almost every third child exercised once a week, the activity lasted one hour. Among the forms of organized physical activity in which children are most likely to participate, those which dominate include: corrective gymnastics, dance and swimming. The vast majority of subjects preferred non-organized physical activity. Daily contact with such activity occurred in the case of about 1/4 of the subjects. Over 1/3 of the participants spent more than 4 hours a week on such activity. Only a few performed this type for 1 hour, and with age, this duration gradually decreased. A typical form of non-organized physical activity was cycling. Games using a ball, other various games, football, roller-skating and swimming were also popular. Conclusions. The studied participants were more likely to perform non-organized forms of movement than those organized. In addition to physical activity, quite a large percentage of the surveyed children spent their free time in front of the TV or playing computer games. Along with the increase in age, there was a rise in the interest in tennis, football and computer games, and there was less interest in skiing or playing games.

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Introduction: Adequate nutrition is one of the most important environmental factors that have an influence on human development and maintaining good health condition. It consists in meeting the demand of an organism for energy and all the necessary nutrients completely. Material and methods: The survey was conducted in 2014. It covered 93 second year Physiotherapy and Physical Education students (48 females and 45 males) in Bronisław Czech University of Physical Education in Kraków. The average age of the surveyed students was 21. The Tanita scales were applied to define the value of BMI and to calculate the percentage of fat tissue in the organism. Results: The research results have revealed that the respondents represent an average and good manner of nutrition. The majority of the subjects (73.1%) had a normal percentage of fat tissue. While examining the relations between the way of nutrition and fat percentage, it was found that 50% of females who fed themselves well had a low FAT%. Only 13.7% of males representing an average interval of nutrition manner were found to have a high percentage of fat tissue. Among the majority of the respondents (79.6%) the BMI level was within the norm. Overweight was more frequent among males than females, whereas underweight vice versa. Conclusions: The majority of the surveyed students feed themselves in an average manner. The manner of nutrition had a significant influence on body fat only among females. The majority of respondents' BMI level was within the norm.

Introduction: The foot is an essential element of the kinetic system. Performing the supporting function, it maintains the correct body posture, but above all it is used while walking. Feet are vulnerable to all the changes that occur in human environment. The civilisation changes are particularly harmful to the locomotor system. Material and methods: The research was conducted in the academic year 2014/2015 among the second year Physiotherapy and Physical Education students in the University of Physical Education in Kraków. The total of 93 students took part in the research (48 females and 45 males). The average age of the subjects was 21 years. In order to assess the curvature of the foot longitudinal arch a podoscope was used, whereas the Tanita BC-418 scales were applied to define the BMI value and calculate the percentage of body fat tissue. Results: A vast majority of the subjects (70.9%) had a normal type of foot longitudinal arch. Higher longitudinal arch occurred more frequently among women than men, the normal type was less frequent. The BMI level was also within the norm among the majority of the students (79.6%). Overweight was more frequent among males than females. Both males and females with the correct BMI value in their majority had normal curvatures of both feet longitudinal arches. The highest percentage (75%) of the regular right foot longitudinal arch was recorded among females with low body fat deposition. In the case of the left foot the percentage was 68.8%. All the males with low fat deposition obtained normal values of the longitudinal arch curvature for both feet. Conclusions: The subjects most frequently had a regular curvature of foot longitudinal arch. No significant influence of the percentage of fat tissue and BMI value on the Clarke’s angle was recorded.