Background and Objective: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides image acquisition of three-dimensional data and measurement in any chosen imaging plane. Objective of this study is to assess the size of ventricles of the brain of normal Nepalese people and establish the range of size of the ventricular system and compute the ventricular dimensions among different age and gender. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective study done at Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara. A total of 106 MRI scan data of healthy individuals were collected over a period of seven months between March to September 2019. Patients ranged between eight and eighty years of age with 58 males and 48 females. Measurements of the mean of bifrontal diameter (BFD), bihemispheric diameter (BHD), third ventricle transverse dimension (TVTD), fourth ventricle antero-posterior dimension (FVAP), fourth ventricle width (FVW), and frontal horn ratio (FHR) were done. Result: The mean of BFD, BHD, TVTD, FVAP, FVW, and FHR were found to be 3.05 ± 0.10 cm, 10.11 ± 0.40 cm, 0.43 ± 0.11 cm, 0.90 ± 0.11 cm, 1.22 ± 0.12 cm, and 0.30 ± 0.01 cm, respectively. The mean width of fourth ventricle in males and females was observed to be 1.23 ± 0.12 cm and 1.19 ± 0.11 cm respectively. There was a significant correlation of TVTD, FVAP, FHR and BFD with age with Pearson correlation coefficient 0.393 (P value <0.01), 0.259 (P value <0.01), 0.34 (P value <0.01), and 0.219 (P value <0.05) respectively. However, BHD and FVW have no correlation with age. Conclusion: Third Ventricle Traverse Dimension, FVP, FVW and FHR show almost similar or slight difference in measurement according to gender. However, BFD shows larger difference in measurement according to gender. Similarly there is no such significant difference according to age in measurement of BFD, BHD, FVAP, FVW and FHR, while TVTD measurement shows slight increased measurement according to age.

Introduction: Urolithiasis is an increasing health problem worldwide including developing countries like Nepal. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder imaging modalities are used in detection of urolithiasis. This study was done to compare ultrasonography and computed tomography of kidney, ureter and urinary bladder findings for detection of urolithiasis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Radiology, Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal from July to October, 2021 after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee of Gandaki Medical College. Total 92 patients who had urolithiasis in computed tomography and had ultrasound report available within one week were selected for the study. Demographic data of patients, location and side of calculi were recorded. The findings of ultrasonography and computed tomography were then compared. Similarly, sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography were calculated. Results: Urolithiasis was more common in middle age groups i.e. 20 to 40 years (n= 57, 62.0%) and in males (n=56, 60.9%). Kidney was the commonest location detected by both ultrasonography (n=45, 48.9%) and computed tomography (n=44, 47.8%) with predominance in right side. Some of the calculi that were undetected by ultrasonography were easily confirmed by computed tomography in various locations. This was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in compared to computed tomography was 83.7% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: Ultrasonography has poor sensitivity and high specificity for detecting urolithiasis. Thus, computed tomography can be considered as better imaging modality as compared to ultrasonography for diagnosis of urolithiaisis.