There is a high diversity of bees in the tropics, including honey bees and stingless bees, which are the main sources for honey and other ecosystem services. In Indonesia, beekeeping practices have been developed for centuries, and they have been part of many cultural practices in many traditional communities. The objective of this research was to study the beekeeping status and managed bee diversity in Indonesia and to investigate beekeepers’ perspectives on the factors and obstacles related to beekeeping. Direct interview and online interview were conducted to gain data on bees and beekeepers. In total, 272 beekeepers were interviewed across 25 provinces. Samplings of honey bees and stingless bees were also done during direct interviews for further identification and, when possible, pollen identification. All data and specimens were then sent to IPB Bogor for compilation and identification. We recorded 22 species of bees, including 3 species of honey bees and 19 species of stingless bees, that are reared by Indonesian beekeepers, with Apis cerana and Tetragonula laeviceps as the most common species. Our research also found that the majority of beekeepers fall into the category of the younger generation (30–39 years old) with educational background mostly from senior high school. Based on the beekeepers’ perspectives, there are several obstacles to beekeeping, especially the occurrence of death of bee foragers attributed to climate, food source, and pesticides. In conclusion, there is a need to develop a strategy for beekeeping and bee conservation in Indonesia, especially for adaptation and mitigation from environmental changes with a particular focus on climate and land-use change.

Frogs and toads commonly found by human. Frogs and toads could become a bio-indicator of anenvironment. Paliyan Wildlife Sanctuary is a forest area which posses several animal to protect and it’slocated in Gunungkidul Regency, Province of DIY. The diversity of frogs and toads in this wildlifesanctuary is not yet recorded and published. The aim of this research is to understand the diversity of frogsand toads in the area of Paliyan Wildlife Sanctuary. The results there were 9 species of frogs and toads, i.e.,Duttaphrynus melanostictus, Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Fejervarya limnocharis, Kaloula baleata,Occidozyga lima, Occidozyga sumatrana, Microhyla orientalis, Microhyla palmipes and Polypedatesleucomystax. The diversity of frogs and toads in the wildlife sanctuary is moderate according to theShannon-Wiener Index with value: 1,43. Area of Paliyan Wildlife Sanctuary is a suitable habitat for frogsand toads due to its location with dense forest, bushes, rivers, lakes and pools as well as least humanactivities.

<p>As an important grain legume, the improved soybean<br />(Glycine max [L.] Merr.) adaptive to environmental changes<br />is a valuable genetic resource. Strategy to minimize the<br />impact of climate effects should be underlined on soybean<br />production encompassing advanced genomics and well<br />predicted future climate. Crops including soybean respond<br />to climate change in the aspect of abiotic and biotic<br />environmental factors. To predict soybean response to<br />abiotic and biotic stresses, current progress of quantitative<br />trait loci (QTL) for abiotic and biotic stresses and flowering<br />and related genomic resources could be accessed at<br />SoyBase (http://www.soybase.org) and Phytozome<br />(http://www.phytozome.net). As the involvement of abiotic<br />and biotic stresses modulating flowering in soybean, genes<br />linked to QTL for abiotic/biotic stress and flowering/maturity<br />were also potential for resisting the environmental changes.<br />By mapping QTLs for flowering using one population in<br />different locations (Korea and China) with distinctive<br />longitude, latitude, and altitude, syntenic correlation<br />between these two QTLs on soybean chromosomes 6 and<br />13 indicates the environmental specific role of syntenic<br />regions. The information on QTL and related candidate<br />genes may assist marker-assisted breeding and enact<br />soybean as a model of adaptive legume crop under abiotic/<br />biotic stress.</p>

F-doped TiO2 has been synthesized using the sol-gel method using NH4F as a source of fluorine. This study aims to determine the effect of adding variations in the rate of doping fluorine during 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes using an injection pump to the formation and change of crystal structure and specific surface area of TiO2. Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), tween-80, isopropyl alcohol and NH4F are used as the main ingredients in the synthesis of nanotitania. The F-TiO2 powder was then calcined at 450 °C for 5 hours. The powder was tested for characterization using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface area analyzer (SAA). The XRD characterization results showed that all samples had purely anatase phases. XRD analysis on sample F-01 with a drop rate of 0 minutes obtained the largest particle diameter of 14.21 nm. Whereas the sample F-04 with a dropping rate of 90 minutes obtained the smallest particle diameter of 11.60 nm. The results of the SAA characterization in sample F-01 with a drop rate of 0 minutes obtained the smallest surface area of 68.845 m 2 /g. Whereas in sample F-04 with a dropping rate of 90 minutes the largest surface area was 103,585 m 2 /g.

Apis cerana has a wide distribution in Asia, including Sundaland, and is currently found in Wallacea, while the sister species, A. nigrocincta, is native in Sulawesi. The wide geographic distribution and the island isolation led to form morphological differences in the bees. The morph and wing venations are known to have a high genetic inheritance. Therefore, this research aimed to (1) analyze the landmark variation of wing venations of A. cerana from Sundaland and Wallacea, and A. nigrocincta from Sulawesi, (2) determine the relationship between these two bee species. The research was conducted by digitizing 550 wing venations based on nineteen landmarks. Our study on intraspecies showed that A. cerana Sumatra revealed a high variation in bending energy. Overall, the deformation grid of A. cerana from Sundaland has higher displacement than those from Wallacea, meaning higher variations of the Sundaland A. cerana. We found geometric morphometric markers of landmarks 16 and 17 in intraspecies and interspecies bees. Thus, these landmarks known as a cubital index can be used for species identification. The differentiation of interspecies has been shown in the PCA. Apis nigrocincta was separated from the single group of the centroid A. cerana and was supported by the Neighbor-Joining tree.