A giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (GCTTS) is a rare benign tumor that typically presents as a solitary mass in the hand or wrist. Multifocal presentation of GCTTS is extremely rare and has been reported in only a few cases. Although the origin of multifocal giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath remains incompletely elucidated, it is a rare disorder that distinguishes itself from the diffuse form of GCTTS that typically occurs near major joints. In this case study, we report a patient with a localized multifocal GCTTS affecting the tendon sheath of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) on the volar surface of the right thumb. The diagnosis was confirmed by both radiological and histological examinations. Additionally, the patient underwent surgical excision of the tumor masses and did not encounter any recurrence during the six-month follow-up period.

This study provided an overview of the comparison of Child-Pugh scores for the assessment of prognosis in liver cirrhosis. We have reviewed all articles published from 1995-2022 comparing Child-Pugh score and MELD score for predicting prognosis in liver cirrhosis. In the majority of instances, Child-Pugh scores had similar prognostic relevance. However, given their distinct benefits for some specific disorders, additional research may be required to identify the candidates who should use the Child-Pugh score for prognosis assessment and the timing when we should use the Child-Pugh score for prognosis assessment. Although it was originally designed to predict mortality after surgery, the Child-Pugh score is today used to estimate prognosis, as well as the required strength of treatment and the need for liver transplantation. However, the Child-Pugh score is partly dependent on clinical examination, which may result in scoring differences. The Child-Pugh score does not take into account the etiology of cirrhosis, the possible combination of many causes, or the persistence of a destructive process such as persistent alcohol abuse or chronic hepatitis B infection (HBV). Even though its broad sickness classifications render it worthless in determining which patients should undergo a liver transplant first, it is nonetheless widely used

Gastric Varices occur as a result of portal hypertension. Balloon Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration (BRTO) is a modality for managing gastric varices. The ultimate goal of this review is to promote the broader adoption of BRTO in managing gastric varices and to promote further research to improve patient outcomes. Before this study, an electronic literature search was undertaken based on identified concepts, keywords, and other pertinent descriptions. Search databases were developed and included “Gastric varices” AND “BRTO” OR “intervention” OR “treatment” OR “procedure” OR “glue” OR “adhesive”. The databases selected and thoroughly searched were PubMed, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect. Following the first search, 274 articles were found in total. By applying inclusion criteria of full-text articles and a period of fewer than five years, the database was reduced to 37 articles, which was then further filtered to include only articles on adults over 19 years old, leaving a total count of 17 articles. BRTO is a relatively simple procedure to perform once the essential skill is attained and helpful in both emergency and elective management of gastric varices. Its use still needs to be improved by the unavailability and lack of skills. However, there are side effects associated with BRTO as it causes elevation of portal hypertension, recurrent bleeding, hemoglobinuria and pain post procedure. This review emphasizes the need for further research in this field, focusing on refining patient selection criteria, improving the technical aspect of the procedure and enhancing long-term outcomes.