Two simple equations with sea surface temperature and total primary production as independent variables were used to estimate ratios of new or export production to total primary production (ef-ratios) in the ocean. Both equations assume that ef-ratios are negatively correlated with temperature in a linear manner and positively correlated with total primary production in a curvilinear manner characteristic of a Holling type II function. The two equations were parameterized based on different sets of field data: in one case entirely from estimates of new production based on nitrate uptake, and in the other case based on a comprehensive summary of new and export production estimates derived from a combination of techniques. Estimates of global export production based on satellite observations and use of the two equations were 9-13 Gt C per year. The form of both equations likely captures the principal effects of temperature and total production on ef-ratios, and their mathematical simplicity should facilitate their prognostic application in climate change research and studies of the ocean's carbon cycle.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited.In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrightsThe absorption coefficients of phytoplankton (a PHY (λ)), non-algal particles (NAP) (a NAP (λ)) and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) (a CDOM (λ)) were investigated and parameterized in the southeastern Bering Sea during July 2008. The absorption coefficients were well structured with respect to hydrographic and biogeochemical characteristics of the shelf. The highest values of a PHY (443) were observed offshore and the lowest values of a PHY (443) were found in the coastal domain, a low productivity region associated with limited macronutrients. Values of a DG (λ) (a CDOM (λ) + a NAP (λ)) revealed an east-west gradient pattern with higher values in the coastal domain, and lower values in the outer domain. Lower chlorophyll specific a PHY (λ) (a* PHY (λ)) observed relative to middle and lower latitude waters indicated a change in pigment composition and/or package effect, which was consistent with phytoplankton community structure. a CDOM (λ) was the dominant light absorbing coefficient at all wavelengths examined except at 676 nm. Modeling of remote-sensing reflectance (R rs (λ)) and the diffuse attenuation coefficient (K d (λ)) from inherent optical properties revealed the strong influence of a CDOM (λ) on R rs (λ) and K d (λ). Good optical closure was achieved between modeled and radiometer measured R rs (λ) and K d (λ) with average percent difference of less than 25% and 19% respectively, except at red wavelengths. The a CDOM (λ) accounted for >50% of K d (λ) which was vertically variable. Chlorophyll-a calculated by the NASA standard chlorophyll-a algorithm (OC4.v6) was overestimated due to higher a CDOM (λ) and underestimated due to lower a* PHY (λ) at low and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a, respectively.

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We analyze the sensor out-of-band (OOB) effects for satellite ocean color sensors of the sea-viewing wild field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) for phytoplankton-dominated open oceans and turbid coastal and inland waters, following the approach of Wang et al. [Appl. Opt.40, 343 (2001)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.40.000343]. The applicability of the open ocean water reflectance model of Morel and Maritorena [J. Geophys. Res.106, 7163 (2001)JGREA20148-022710.1029/2000JC000319] (MM01) for the sensor OOB effects is analyzed for oligotrophic waters in Hawaii. The MM01 model predicted OOB contributions for oligotrophic waters are consistent with the result from in situ measurements. The OOB effects cause an apparent shift in sensor band center wavelengths in radiometric response, which depends on the sensor spectral response function and the target radiance being measured. Effective band center wavelength is introduced and calculated for three satellite sensors and for various water types. Using the effective band center wavelengths, satellite and in situ measured water optical property data can be more meaningfully and accurately compared. It is found that, for oligotrophic waters, the OOB effect is significant for the SeaWiFS 555 nm band (and somewhat 510 nm band), MODIS 412 nm band, and VIIRS 551 nm band. VIIRS and SeaWiFS have similar sensor OOB performance. For coastal and inland waters, however, the OOB effect is generally not significant for all three sensors, even though some small OOB effects do exist. This study highlights the importance of understanding the sensor OOB effect and the necessity of a complete prelaunch sensor characterization on the quality of ocean color products. Furthermore, it shows that hyperspectral in situ optics measurements are preferred for the purpose of accurately validating satellite-measured normalized water-leaving radiance spectra data.