BACKGROUND Femoral Neck Anteversion (FNA) is an important parameter for diagnosis of gait abnormality in children, risk of various congenital and acquired orthopaedic disorders as well as corrective osteotomy and hip arthroplasty. Femoral anteversion is the lateral rotation of the neck of the femur to the long axis of its shaft. Variability in FNA has been reported and is due to torsional forces applied on femur during development. The aim of this study was to estimate the angle of anteversion of femur in both genders on both sides. The present study was an attempt to provide baseline data of FNA in South Indian population, in particular, Andhra Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted mechanically on 70 dried adult unpaired human femora, i.e. 48 male and 22 female bones. The Kingsley Olmsted 1 method was used for the study and the data was analysed. Statistical analysis-Statistical analysis was done using student unpaired 't' test. The data was analysed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (Free Trial Version). RESULTS Out of the 70 femora undertaken, mean value of FNA obtained in male is 15.95, 14.1 on right and 17.8 on left sides and in female it is 19.2, 21.8 on right and 16.6 on left side. Statistical analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) greater average anteversion in female bones and right-left variations being greater on the left side.

BACKGROUND The suprarenal glands are located just above the kidneys from their position the name is derived. They have no other relation to the kidneys, either functionally or developmentally. Their development is taken up at this place because of their intimate embryological relation to the autonomic nervous system. The relative prominence of the foetal adrenal in comparison to other abdominal viscera is accounted for by a mass of cells called the foetal zone between the area, which is later to become the adult cortex and the medulla. The aim of the study is to evaluate the morphometric parameters of human foetal suprarenal gland-shape, length, breadth, thickness and weight and to compare these parameters between the right and left sides to study the relation between the foetal adrenal gland size and kidney size and the relation between the foetal adrenal weight and body weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS The material for the study consisted of 50 human foetal specimens from 9 th to 38 th week of gestational age. Morphometric measurements including length, breadth, thickness, weight were taken from the right and left suprarenal glands in each specimen and to the results obtained Student's unpaired t-test was applied and data was analysed using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (free trial version). RESULTS In the 18 th week foetus, the right suprarenal gland acquired pyramidal and left suprarenal gland assumed semilunar shape and were yellowish in colour. There was a steady increase in the parameters from 9 th to 38 th week. A statistically significant difference was obtained for the length, breadth and weight between the right and left suprarenal glands with a 'p' value less than 0.05.

BACKGROUNDRotational deformities of the lower limbs are very common. There is increasing evidence that abnormal torsion in the tibia is associated with severe knee and ankle arthritis. Primary knee osteoarthritis is a leading cause of disability in older persons. Varus or valgus alignment increases the risk of osteoarthritis. Coexistence of tibial torsional deformity may increase the risk further. Variability in the tibial torsion has been reported and is due to the torsional forces applied on tibia during development.The aim of the study is to estimate the angle of tibial torsion on both sides and both sexes. The present study was an attempt to provide baseline data of tibial torsion in the East and South Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted mechanically on 100 dry adult unpaired human tibia, i.e. 50 male and 50 female bones. The measurements were recorded and statistically analysed using Student's unpaired t-test using GraphPad Prism 5.0 (free trial version). RESULTSOut of the 100 tibia undertaken, mean value of tibial torsion angle obtained is 25.8°. In males, it is 23.68° and in females it is about 27.86°. Statistical analysis revealed significant greater average angle of tibial torsion in female bones. The angle of the right-sided bones was more and this was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONThe gender variation for the angle could be the result of the difference in lifestyle in day-to-day activities. The knowledge of the angle in a population could be helpful in understanding the incidence of pathogenesis related to gait and knee osteoarthritis and in view of reconstructive surgeries in orthopaedic practice.

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BACKGROUND The present study is aimed to ascertain the position of transverse axis of temporomandibular joint in living subjects by devising a new method, which remains hypothetical till date with a hope that it can help the biomechanical engineers and Orthodontic surgeons to go for manufacturing suitable prosthesis for patients with fractured jaw. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study was conducted at MMIMSR, Mullana-Ambala, Haryana on 1200 subjects (600 males and 600 females) belonging to three states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Odisha) of India. The superimposition method adapted in which two triangles have been constructed (i.e. triangle of closed mouth and triangle of opened mouth) by selecting three bony landmarks (Na-Nasion, Cy-Condylion and Go-Gonion) and taking three measurements (Na-Cy, Na-Go and Cy-Go). RESULTS The study revealed that in average the transverse axis is positioned 11 mm above Midramus Point (MRP) in 94.08% of total population, at MRP in 0.92% and below MRP in 5% cases. Similarity in the findings was seen between Haryanvi and Himachali population as well as between Himachali and Odisha males. It is above MRP in 95.58%, at MRP in 0.67% and below MRP in 3.75% of all males; above MRP in 92.58%, at MRP in 1.17% and below MRP in 6.25% of females of three states. CONCLUSION Bilateral symmetry is maintained in the position of transverse axis with minimum difference in females of three states compared to males. Bilateral symmetry is well maintained in Himachali females.