Obesity is a global public health problem. Obese persons are likely to develop complications like degenerative joint diseases, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, fatty liver, cancer of esophagus and pancreas resulting in reduced life expectancy, poor quality of life and burden to economy. A subset of obese subjects does not develop metabolic abnormalities and they are described as metabolically healthy obese (MHO). This entity is a debatable one, and not well accepted. Here we review the merits and demerits of MHO. This is a narrative review and we have not applied advanced statistical procedures. The review articles by Stefan, Bluher and the cross-references are widely quoted in this article. Apart from this, we collected full-text articles from “PubMed,” and “ClinicalKey” platforms using the search term “Metabolically healthy obesity.” As evident in the literature, MHO is a significantly prevalent condition (10%–20%) with wide variation depending on the criteria used. This condition is subject to conversion to unhealthy with risk for development of cardio-metabolic abnormalities like diabetes and DL. The impact of intervention is remarkable but equivocal. MHO should not be considered a safe condition. The transit nature of MHO offers an opportunity for intervention. MHO is an eye-opener for future research.

It has been estimated that 4.4 billion individuals are infected with Helicobacter pylori and the prevalence of the infection varies globally ranging from the highest reported in Africa (70.1%) to lowest in Switzerland (18.9%). The prevalence is still abundant in developing countries and is due to the outcome of low socioeconomic status and poor sanitation. Helicobacter pylori infection is implicated in several pathological states and is confronting a gigantic challenge to the global health community. This review provides an extensive picture of Helicobacter pylori infection prevalence and its association with disease outcomes using myriad sample studies, emphasizing detection using gastric biopsy. Moreover novel molecular mechanisms unveiled to date are also presented to better comprehend the underlying events that triggers the epidemiological effects. Data and mechanistic pathways presented in this review aid in improved regulation of Helicobacter pylori infection and assists in designing and crafting new drugs to treat the associated clinical conditions.

No abstract

Introduction: SRUS was rst identied as clinical identity in 1969. But the etiology is not known. Anal ssure, IBD, proctagia fugax and malignancy, rectal polyps, hemorrhoids, and infections. Rarely ischemia, trauma and cystic profunda colitis and Stercoral ulcers have to be excluded. Hence a careful history is important. Material and methods: Patients presenting with C/O constipation or straining at stools with difculty in passing motion with associated minimal bleeding per rectum on and off period less than a month were included in the study. All patients were investigated for stool for occult blood, Us abdomen, BMFT, CBP and exible sigmoidoscopy. Results:100 patients presenting with constipation and bleeding PR were investigated. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed multiple pin point supercial ulcers on the anterior rectal wall without involvement of sigmoid colon. The incidence age group wise was seen very high between 20 to 60 years. M: F ratio 47:53. All were positive for stool for occult blood, negative for IBD and malignancy by biopsy. They responded to dietary changes i.e; veg, non spicy, non fried diet with antibiotic, mesalamine (400mg BD) and lactulose 15ml at bed time. 10 days after the test follow up sigmoidoscopy was found normal and patient asymptomatic even after 3 months. Discussion: The incidence of SRUS has become common irrespective of age and sex. The type of food used by all these patients was found to be more or less similar with majority of them using fast food, fried food, and spicy food. Stoppage of the above mentioned food with specic treatment for 10 days resulted in recovery with normal sigmoidoscopy. Conclusion: SRUS incidence is high in general population due to specic food type and evacuation behavior.

No abstract