Background: Immunization contributes significantly to the achievement of millennium development goal number 4 and is one of the eight elements of primary health care. Effective utilization of immunization services is associated with reduced infections in young children with immature immune system and improved child health outcome. The objectives of the study were to compare the default rates for vaccine doses in immunization schedule; to study the factors responsible for default; to describe the socio-demographic profile of study subjects.Methods: An observational study was conducted in the urban and rural Primary health centre on immunization days for 3 months. The study subjects were children aged (9-24) months attending immunization clinics. Their care givers were interviewed regarding socio-demographic profile and causes for default. Sample size calculated was 184 (92) each from urban and rural clinic).Results: Among 184 care givers interviewed, mean age of study subjects was 14.9±4.6 months in urban & 14.6±4.9 months in rural clinic. Default rates for vaccination were 5.4% (birth dose), 7.6% (6th wk.) both in urban & rural clinic. However, for further doses i.e., 10th week, 14th week, 9 months and 18 months the default rates were slightly higher in rural compared to urban clinic. Commonest reason for default was mother not aware that child had missed dose (urban 52.2% and rural 42.3%) followed by child being sick (urban 26.6% and rural 30.4%).Conclusions: The overall default rate was found to be very high which is a serious concern and need to be addressed in order to prevent eventual dropouts.

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and premature mortality in most low and middle income countries (LMIC) around the world. Recent estimates shown that about 80% of NCDs deaths occur in LMIC and nearly three fourth of global NCDs related deaths take place after the age of 60. The knowledge of NCDs and their related screening tests among elderly is essential for early detection which reduces further development of the disease and its complications, thereby reducing the burden of health care cost. Hence, the present study was undertaken.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among 245 study subject after obtaining informed consent. Using pre-tested structured questionnaire, information was collected regarding knowledge on NCDs and their screening tests. Results were entered in Microsoft excel and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: 81.6% of study subjects were aware of common NCDs. Off which only 02% were aware of 6 NCDs (out of 12 NCDs considered in this study). Regarding individual diseases, about 61.6% subjects were aware of Hypertension and 52.7% about DM. About knowledge of screening test, 69% were aware about any screening test and 58.8% were aware of screening test for hypertension and 41.6% for diabetes mellitus.Conclusions: The overall knowledge regarding NCDs and their screening tests is poor among elderly population.

Background: Obesity is on the rise among Indian women; increasing from 12.6% (NFHS-3) to 20.7% (NFHS-4). This leads to dysregulation of several groups of hormones and has deleterious effect on the reproductive system. Extra adipocytes are sources of extra estrogen that can cause menstrual disorders such as oligomenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia. Counselling women about weight reduction will help in improving their reproductive health and quality of life. Thus, the present study was done to assess obesity among women and to describe the menstrual abnormalities among them; simultaneously, the perception of obesity among these women was also assessed.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by doing house to house survey among 250 women of reproductive age residing in the urban field practice area of KIMS, Bangalore for a period of 3 months from June to August 2018. Details about socio-demographic factors, presence of any menstrual abnormalities and perception of obesity were collected using questionnaire by house to house survey. Anthropometric measurements were done and BMI was calculated. Data was entered in MS excel and analysed using appropriate statistical tests.Results: The study included 250 subjects; among whom 59.2% were obese. The common menstrual problems reported were dysmenorrhea (52.8%), oligomenorrhea (20.4%), hypomenorrhea (14.1%), menorrhagia (13.6%) and polymenorrhea (1.6%). Menstrual problems affected daily activities in 50.7% subjects. The difference between perception of their body image and their actual weight was found to be statistically significant.Conclusions: Obesity is an important health issue among women and most of them had menstrual abnormalities.