This is the first prospective ROP study from a district NICU in India and compares with previously published urban data. If Western-screening guidelines are used in the rural scenario, we risk a significant proportion of infants being missed who may require treatment.

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Background: Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major health-care issue. UTI may be a harbinger of variety of underlying urinary tract abnormalities. The long-term complications of recurrent UTI are kidney scarring, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Aim: The present study aims to determine the prevalence of urinary tract abnormalities in children with first episode of UTI. Materials and Methods: This study was a hospital-based prospective observational study carried out in the department of pediatrics over a period of 15 months from January 2015 to March 2016. A total of 100 children with culture-positive first UTI who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Ultrasonography (USG) abdomen, micturating cystourethrography (MCU), and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) kidney scan were done. Results: Among 100 children with culture-proven UTI, USG was abnormal in 16% with the majority (31.7%) having hydroureteronephrosis. MCU was abnormal in 14% and DMSA in 13%. About 9% had kidney scarring. Overall prevalence of urinary tract abnormalities was 14%. About 42.8% of urinary tract abnormalities were detected in children between 1 and 5 years and 35.7% below 1 year. Vesicoureteral reflux was the most common abnormality (8.0%). Conclusion: UTI in young children serves as marker for abnormalities of the urinary tract. Early diagnosis is of considerable significance to preserve kidney function and prevent complications.

ABSTRACT:Internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly. Most of the patients remain asymptomatic due to collateral blood flow and are discovered incidentally. Increased incidence of intracranial vascular anomalies are associated with ICA agenesis. We report a symptomatic case of ICA agenesis in a child with collateral supply from basilar artery.

Hypersecretion of insulin by pancreatic ß-cells causes hypoglycemia called congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). It can inhibit brain development in infants. It is associated with mutations in the ABCC8 or KCNJ11 genes encoding for the SUR1 and KIR 6 (subunits of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP channel) a rare genetic disorder. It has an incidence rate of 1 in 50,000 in general populations and 1 in 2000 in areas with a higher rate of consanguinity. Here, we report a case of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with ABCC8 gene mutation in a late preterm female infant who developed late-onset hypoglycemia. The infant developed hypoglycemic seizures on day 3 of life and her metabolic workup revealed hyperinsulinemia. A high glucose infusion rate and enteral feeding could not maintain the infant's serum glucose level. PET scan showed no abnormal somatostatin receptor avid lesion in pancreatic parenchyma. Hence genetic workup was done which showed a missense mutation in the ABCC8 gene which was c.4154C>G/p.Ser1385Cys. Over 9 months of follow-up, the infant is treated with octreotide and diazoxide, hasn't had any hypoglycemic events and has normal growth and psychomotor development for her age.