The cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase enzyme (CGTase) is an industrially crucial enzyme for the production of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). CGTase has a high propensity to produce a mixture of cyclodextrins (CDs). From the industrial perspective, a CGTase that produces only one type of CD is of critical importance. Bacillus sp. PBS1 produced CGTase that converts starch solely into β-CD. The isolated strain PBS1 was found to close similarity with alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. based on biochemical, morphological, and phylogenetic analysis of its 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The selection and optimization of media ingredients are warranted for the best possible production of β-CD. These steps were carried out by conventional optimization strategies. The presence of glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, galactose, mannitol, nitrates, urea, metal salts, and K2HPO4 led to the suppression of CGTase production. The improved enzyme production was observed in peptone, soluble starch, magnesium sulfate, and Na2CO3. The organism produces maximum CGTase (93.42 ± 2.4 U/ml) at 96-hour incubation in the optimized production medium containing 8% starch, 2% peptone, 0.06% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5% Na2CO3, and having pH of 9.3. The optimization of the medium led to ~16% improvement in CGTase production by Bacillus sp. PBS1.

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate SSF process for the production of avermectin by Streptomyces avermitilis NRRL 8165 using easily available grains, millets and some agricultural by-product. Methods:Various substrates were screened for their ability to support avermectin production. Different parameters to maximize the yield of avermectin by S. avermitilis NRRL 8165 under SSF were optimized by conventional one factor at a time approach and parameters optimized earlier were adopted for the subsequent study.Results: Sorghum seeds used as solid substrate supported maximum growth and total avermectin production (4.6 mg g -1 dry substrate). The optimum values for maximum avermectin production were: moistening medium containing g l -1 KH2PO4 1; MgSO4.7H2O 0.4, inoculum size 20 % (24 h old culture in yeast extract-malt extract dextrose medium) v/w of initial dry substrate, substrate particle size 0.5 to 4 mm, incubation temperature 28 °C, initial moisture level 105%, incubation period of 15 d, 8 % w/w sucrose and 5 % w/w soyameal. The avermectin yield with optimized fermentation condition was 5.8 mg g -1 dry substrate which is 1.3 fold higher as compared to non-optimized condition. Conclusion:Avermectin produced by S. avermitilis are widely used as an anthelmintic agent in the medical, veterinary and agricultural applications. In comparison with submerged fermentation, SSF can become an alternative cost-effective method for the production of avermectin. This report demonstrates the feasibility of employing agro-based substrate, that could reduce antibiotics production cost.

Delftia acidovorans MTCC 3363 was found to convert 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate (16-DPA) exclusively to 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (AD). Addition of 9α-hydroxylase inhibitors was not required for preventing the accumulation of byproducts. The effect of pH, temperature, substrate concentration, surfactants and carrier solvents on this bioconversion has been studied. 16-DPA was maximally converted in buffered medium at pH 7.0, at temperature 30°C and 0.5 mg ml-1 substrate concentration. Detergent addition and temperature above 35°C had deleterious effect on bioconversion. Dioxan was found to be the best carrier solvent for biotransformation of 16-DPA to AD.