Abstrak. Agama Hindu-Buddha yang berkembang dari abad ke-7 sehingga abad ke-14 Masihi di Nusantara memberi pengaruh yang besar terhadap dunia Melayu. Kemasukan pengaruh kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha mengubah nilai-nilai kebudayaan dan pandangan semesta orang Melayu di Nusantara yang sebelumnya mengamalkan animisme serta agama nenek moyang. Makalah ini menganalisis simbolisme dewa-raja yang dijadikan kultus dalam masyarakat di Asia Tenggara yang turut tercermin dalam karya kesusasteraan Melayu klasik. Pengumpulan data dibuat menggunakan sumber primer seperti Hikayat Banjar, Hikayat Parang Puting, Hikayat Sang Boma, Hikayat Panji Semirang dan Hikayat Malim Deman. Pemilihan sampel kajian ini adalah neutral kerana dipilih mengikut genre yang berbeza, iaitu sastera pra-Islam, anekdot, sastera sejarah dan sastera zaman transisi Hindu-Islam. Bahan kajian terbatas kepada lima teks sastera Melayu klasik. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan kepelbagaian cara kepengarangan digunakan bagi menonjolkan simbolisme dewa-raja dalam menyerlahkan kedaulatan raja-raja Melayu.Kata kunci dan frasa: dewa-raja, dewa, raja, hikayat, sastera klasik, Hindu-Buddha

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According to the WWF, forests cover 30% of the earth’s surface and act as important support systems in balancing the world ecosystem (World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) n.d.). They are home to many plant and animal species and a critical source for sustaining human livelihood. Human dependency on forest products is the backbone of not only the survival of a nuclear family but also contributes to the economy of the local community. As known, Malaysian forests consist of mountainous forests, tropical rainforest, swamps and coastal forests. As for traditional Malay society, they relied heavily on forests for survival. Besides its functioning as a source of food, forests also contribute to the cultural aspects of society in the Malay civilisation. Hence, this study will analyse the image and description of the Malay forests based on the writing of British officers and writers during the colonial era such as Maxwell, Clifford, Swettenham, Fauconnier, Endicott, Winstedt, Skeat, Wilkinson and Annandale. By using a narrative approach and auto-ethnography, views of the Malay forest will be assessed from Western perspectives, which are based predominantly on the observations of British-Malaya colonial officers and Western scholars involved directly in the Malay community and their communal activities at the time. In summary, this writing will depict the worldview of the Malays about their forests, physically and spiritually, through the lens of Westerners.

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