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One of the most crucial aspects of image segmentation is multilevel thresholding. However, multilevel thresholding becomes increasingly more computationally complex as the number of thresholds grows. In order to address this defect, this paper proposes a new multilevel thresholding approach based on the Evolutionary Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA). The arithmetic operators in science were the inspiration for AOA. DAOA is the proposed approach, which employs the Differential Evolution technique to enhance the AOA local research. The proposed algorithm is applied to the multilevel thresholding problem, using Kapur’s measure between class variance functions. The suggested DAOA is used to evaluate images, using eight standard test images from two different groups: nature and CT COVID-19 images. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index test (SSIM) are standard evaluation measures used to determine the accuracy of segmented images. The proposed DAOA method’s efficiency is evaluated and compared to other multilevel thresholding methods. The findings are presented with a number of different threshold values (i.e., 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6). According to the experimental results, the proposed DAOA process is better and produces higher-quality solutions than other comparative approaches. Moreover, it achieved better-segmented images, PSNR, and SSIM values. In addition, the proposed DAOA is ranked the first method in all test cases.

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Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of two or more devices or nodes or terminals with wireless communications and networking capability that communicate with each other without the aid of any centralized administrator also the wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any existing fixed network infrastructure. 88 past few years the rapid popularization of mobile phones can be seen to communicate with others anytime, anywhere, get the latest information, or exchange the required information is no longer a dream, And we have gradually become an integral part of life. Military purposes, as is often considerable danger in field environment, some of the major basic communication facilities, such as base stations, may not be available, in this case, different units, or if you want to communicate between the forces, we must rely on This cannot MANET network infrastructure limitations. In emergency relief, the mountain search and rescue operations at sea, or even have any infrastructure can not be expected to comply with the topographical constraints and the pressure of time under the pressure, Ad Hoc Network completely wireless and can be any mobile feature is especially suited to disaster relief operations. When personal communication devices and more powerful, some assembly occasions, if you need to exchange large amounts of data, whether the transmission of computer files or applications that display. if we can link into a temporary network structure, then the data transmission will be more efficient without the need for large-scale projection equipment would not have point to point link equipment (such as network line or transmission line). The current wireless LAN technology, Bluetooth is has attracted considerable attention as a development plan. Bluetooth's goal is to enable wireless devices to contact with each other, if the adding the design of Ad Hoc Network (MANET). RELATED BACKGROUNDNowadays, the information technology will be mainly based on wireless technology, the conventional mobile network and cellular are still, in some sense, limited by their need for infrastructure for instance based station, routers and so on. For the Mobile Ad Hoc Network, this final limitation is eliminated, and the Ad Hoc Network are the key in the evolution of wireless network and the Ad Hoc Network are typically composed of equal node which communication over wireless link without any central control. Although military tactical communication is still considered as the primary application for Ad Hoc Networks and commercial interest in this type of networks continues to grow. And all the applications such as rescue mission in time of natural disasters, law enforcement operation, and commercial as rescue and in the sensor network are few commercial examples, but in this time it's become very important in our life and they become use it.The Ad Hoc Networking application is not new one and the original can be traced back to the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)...

In this paper, a review on the three most important communication techniques (ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles) has been presented that throws light on trajectory planning, its optimization, and various issues in a summarized way. This kind of extensive research is not often seen in the literature, so an effort has been made for readers interested in path planning to fill the gap. Moreover, optimization techniques suitable for implementing ground, aerial, and underwater vehicles are also a part of this review. This paper covers the numerical, bio-inspired techniques and their hybridization with each other for each of the dimensions mentioned. The paper provides a consolidated platform, where plenty of available research on-ground autonomous vehicle and their trajectory optimization with the extension for aerial and underwater vehicles are documented.