Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation. When uric acid levels exceed normal limits, it will build up and cause hyperuricemia. Allopurinol is one of the most effective and common medicine for hyperuricemia, but it brings serious side effects, therefore it is needed alternative therapy for hyperuricemia. One plant that may be expected to low uric acid levels is green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), that contains many antioxidants polyphenols, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid has strong antioxidant properties, act as free radical and metal scavengers, and also xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors. This study investigates the potential of green tea using various doses of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of body weight in 24 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain that has been received high purine diet in 60 consecutive days. This study used DHBSA methods to measure uric acid levels in blood serum and urine that excreted 8 hours before surgery. Green tea extract that contains polyphenol can inhibit XOD activities, therefore, it leads to decrease uric acid level in blood and increase the excretion through urine by modulating urate gene transporter. A therapy with 600 mg/kg body weight of GTE is the most effective dose to decrease uric acid levels in serum and to increase excretion of exceeding uric acid significantly (p < 0.01), from One Way ANOVA and Tukey analysis.

Liver has an important role in detoxification of toxins such as xenobiotic which could interfere the function of liver. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic widely used,despite of its toxicity potentials. The enhancement of free radicals in the body could suppress antioxidant activity. Propolis of Trigona sp. has been known to contain very high amount of antioxidants. The enhanced serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum is used as marker of liver damage due to the increase of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of Trigona sp. propolis ethanolic extract on SGOT and ALP levels in rats (Rattus novergicus) pretreated by chloramphenicol to induce liver damage. Test animals used for this research were male rats aged 8-12 weeks divided into five treatment groups: negative controlgroup (normal), positive control group (induced by 400 mg/kgBW chloramphenicol), first therapy group, second therapy group, third therapy group induced by chloramphenicol with and propolis extract with the dose of 8 mg, 16 mg, and 24 mg, respectively. Chloramphenicol was injected subcutaneously for 14 days, whereas propolis extract were administered orally for 21 days. The level of SGOT and ALP was determined using spectophotometry. The results showed that propolis extract could reduce levels of SGOT and ALP. Dose of 24 mg/kg was the effective dose to decrease levels of SGOT and ALP significantly (p<0.01). Hence, it may be concluded that the ethanol extract of propolis could be used as herbal therapy in rats model of liver damage.Keywords : ALP, liver, chloramphenicol, propolis, SGOT

Uric acid is an oxidation product of the xanthine oxidase enzyme found in extracellular fluid, and when it exceeds, uric acid will build up and cause hyperuricemia. TNF-α is released by epithelial cells and mesangial cells when inflammation occurs and causes apoptosis in epithelial cells, causing damage to kidney structures and initiating acute kidney poisoning. Green tea extract (Camellia sinensis L.) contains many antioxidants, especially flavonoids with potent antioxidant properties such as lipid peroxidase and free radical absorbers, inhibiting xanthine oxidase. This study expresses the potential of green tea extract on kidney repair caused by HUA. Twenty-four male albino rats (175-225 g) of Wistar strain being fed a high purine diet in 60 consecutive days and divided into six groups randomly, I: negative control, II: positive control, III: allopurinol, IV: green tea extract 150mg of body weight, V: green tea extract 300mg of body weight, and VI: green tea extract 600mg of body weight. Treatment was done for 14 days and measured by total creatinine levels, malondialdehyde levels, and kidney histopathology. The statistical analysis using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey analysis by SPSS 23.0 proved that green tea extract with a dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight green could lower levels malondialdehyde of the kidney as much as 58.85% (p<0.01), decreased creatinine level by 24.5% (p>0.05), and improved kidney histopathology. This study proved that green tea extract is a promising alternative for hyperuricemia while improving kidney tissues and lowering malondialdehyde and creatinine levels.

This research aims to know the implementation of the learning model and the effect of the performance of the guided inquiry collaborative learning model on the students' achievement on solubility and solubility product concepts. This study used the design of experiments and was conducted in 11th grade at Malang High School in the group's pretest and post-test design. Data were collected using a multiple-choice test and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test). Student worksheets and proficiency tests in solubility and solubility product concepts were classified as valid and very effective. In addition, each learning phase of the timetable was adequately implemented. The study showed an effect of implementing the guided inquiry cooperative learning model on the students' achievement on solubility and solubility product. The student's cognitive achievements taught by collaborative guided inquiry had higher achievement (the average score was 80.83) than those led by guided inquiry (the average score was 70.93).

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