Zinc has a potential role in defense system by taking control in immunity cells activity. Zinc is a micro-nutrient that attains in such prominence as a co-factor for hundred enzymes and inducing nutritional metabolism. In condition of HIV infection, low plasma zinc level can inhibit T cell establishment, then decreasing humoral and cellular immunity. Furthermore, zinc plasma defi ciency will impact the disease progression thus increasing mortality rate. Based on several studies, giving zinc supplementation to HIV/AIDS patient still shows controversial results. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze zinc status in HIV/AIDS patients and examine the effect of zinc supplementation related to immunity status. The method of the study was conducted comprehensive searches on adults HIV infected aged >18 years who underwent outpatient care or hospitalized that received single zinc supplementation or in multivitamin and minerals form. The result from nine studies demonstrated that most of HIV/AIDS patients have a low plasma zinc level and after receiving zinc supplementation with a dose at least 12 mg for more than 1 month consecutively, the lymphocytes CD4+ and IFN-γ status in HIV/AIDS patients was increasing. Furthermore, the intervention of zinc supplementation also showed some positive improvement in other infections occurrence such as diarrhea, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Zinc supplementation on HIV/AIDS patient has many benefi ts in increasing zinc status and improving the immune system.

Background: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published studies in accordance with quantifying the dietary intake of sodium and potassium of the universal population across the world. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were used to find research that pronounced 24-hour urinary sodium or potassium excretion (reference period: 2014–2021). The effect size was estimated using the fixed-effect model; sub-group analysis become accomplished to determine urinary sodium and potassium excretion disaggregated by geographical location. Publication bias became evaluated the usage of graphical funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using STATA 16. Results: Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98–164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61–54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96–4.40). Conclusions: This updated systematic review highlights excessively high dietary intake of sodium and low intake of potassium at the community level in most parts of the world. The urinary Na/K ratio exceeded the level recommended by the WHO guidelines.