Pain is a common health problem all around the world. The pain symptoms are various depending on the underlying disease or the direct cause of pain itself. Viral infection could cause arthralgia or acute-onset arthritis, moreover in pandemic era of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patients might experience arthritis, arthralgia, joint pain, or musculoskeletal pain. Viral infection including parvovirus B19, hepatitis virus, human immunodeficiency virus, arthropod-borne virus, and coronavirus could cause various types of pain. The pathogenesis of these symptoms is similar to each other despite of different causative organism. This review will discuss about pain caused by various causative organisms.

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Introduction. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the diseases of the central nervous system that can occur in people with AIDS. Cerebral toxoplasmosis occupies third place among fatal diseases that can occur in people with AIDS. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis is about 25-30% of the world’s human population, and in Asia it is as high as 40%. Risk factors for developing cerebral toxoplasmosis is needed to be sought to to find out risk factors that triggers and acts as protective factors for toxoplasmosis cerebral in HIV-positive patients Methods. Two reviewers searched PubMed and Medline to identify cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Two independent reviewers searched the databases, identified studies and extracted data. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied for the data screening. Results. Four studies were included. Two prospective cohort studies, one multicenter cohort study and one case control study. Age was not found to have a role as a risk factor. Gender was shown to have significant in one study (Male vs female OR 0.47 95% CI 0.25-0.88, p = 0.02). CD4 <100 increased the risk of toxoplasmosis by 27.94 times, while CD4 0-50 increased the risk by 10.82 times. HIV viral load > 100.000 was associated with 5.10 times higher to develop cerebral toxoplasma. Prophylaxis therapy using cotrimoxazole can reduce the risk of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Conclusion. Age, female sex, low CD4 cell count, and high HIV viral load increase the risk of cerebral toxoplasmosis, whereas ART therapy and prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole can reduce the risk.

Latar Belakang: Paralisis nervus fasialis perifer dapat menyebabkan gangguan motorik otot wajah. Pemeriksan elektromiografi berguna untuk mendiagnosis sekaligus menentukan prognosis pasien. Laporan ini mengidentifikasi perubahan amplitudo serta potensi bangkitan otot pada paralisis nervus fasialis perifer. Kasus: Seorang pria berusia 58 tahun datang ke poliklinik dengan keluhan mata kanan tidak bisa ditutup dan bibir tertarik ke sisi kiri sejak seminggu lalu. Pemeriksaan neurologi menunjukkan lesi nervus VII infranuklear kanan. Evaluasi terapi kortikosteroid dan fisioterapi belum menghasilkan perbaikan gejala klinis sehingga disarankan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan elektromiografi. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan tidak adanya respons nervus fasialis kanan, sedangkan pada sisi kiri hasilnya normal. Diskusi: Perubahan hasil pemeriksaan elektromiografi pada kasus ini akibat penurunan eksitasi akson pada degenerasi serabut saraf. Hasil ini dapat menentukan prognosis dari pasien, adanya perbedaan nilai amplitudo dan latensi distal > 90% dibandingkan sisi yang sehat memiliki prognosis buruk. Simpulan: Perubahan hasil pemeriksaan elektromiografi pada kasus paralisis nervus fasialis perifer ditandai dengan menurunnya amplitudo dan pemanjangan latensi distal serabut saraf yang mempersarafi wajah. Hasil tersebut berpengaruh terhadap prognosis