The radiation dose delivered to patients undergoing specific medical x-ray examinations might vary among practices due to the difference in energy, filtration, and technique used to acquire images. In order to minimize this variation, the Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) was introduced by ICRP in 1996 in publication no.73 as a standard reference dose in medical imaging practice. DRL can be used to promote an optimum range of doses to acquire diagnostic images for specified procedures. The implementation of DRL will be effective only if dose monitoring is regularly conducted, and corrective actions are performed if the doses consistently exceed DRL values. While many studies on DRLs have been published, the concept of DRLs and its implementation might not be familiar to all medical radiation professionals, especially for those who do not have national standard. Therefore, this article is expected to give comprehensive and useful guidelines for medical radiation practitioners regarding DRL in order to promote the establishment and effective implementation of DRL. This article will explore the current literature related to the definition of DRL, steps in establishing DRL, various studies on DRLs, and DRL in paediatric.
Abstrak – Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh luas bidang penyinaran dan delay time processing terhadap exposure index (EI) dan deviation index (DI) computer radiografi (CR). Alat bantu yang digunakan berupa phantom skull, imaging plate, grid, dan CR. Faktor eksposi yang digunakan diatur konstan. Untuk mengetahui besar nilai EI dilakukan ekspose dengan variasi luas bidang penyinaran berikut, 25 cm x 25 cm, 25 cm x 28 cm, 28 cm x 30 cm, 30 cm x 36 cm dan 30 cm x 43 cm. Kemudian dilakukan ekspose dengan menggunakan luas bidang penyinaran konstan yaitu 25 cm x 25 cm, namun dilakukan variasi delay time processing sebagai berikut, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 menit. Nilai EI digunakan untuk mencari nilai DI. Selanjutnya dibuatkan grafik dan dilakukan pengujian berupa uji regresi untuk mengetahui hubungan luas bidang penyinaran terhadap EI dan delay time processing terhadap EI. Dilakukan juga uji analisis jalur untuk mengetahui hubungan luas bidang penyinaran terhadap DI dan delay time processing terhadap DI. Hasil uji regresi menunjukkan luas bidang penyinaran dan delay time processing memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap EI. Hasil uji analisis jalur menunjukkan luas bidang penyinaran tidak memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap DI, sementara delay time processing dan EI memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap DI. Kata kunci: Exposure index, deviation index, delay time processing, luas bidang penyinaran, computer radiografi
Background: The existence of ”exposure creep” in digital radiography systems has been debated over years, raising concern in image optimisation. Therefore, effective implementation of Exposure Index (EI) as a tool for optimisation has been stressed to address this issue. However, the concept of ”exposure creep” and Exposure Index (EI) might not be familiar to all Indonesian radiographers. This study aims to explore the current literature related to EI, including the development, current status, and challenges in its implementation. Methods: Literatures were explored in various databases using the following keywords; “Exposure Creep”, Radiation dose in Digital Radiography, Optimisation in Digital Radiography, Exposure Index, Deviation Index, etc. Only references, such as books, journal articles, and official reports in Bahasa Indonesia and English are included in this study. Results: The term “Exposure Creep” refers describe a gradual increase in exposures following the implementation of digital radiography systems. Exposure Index is used as a feedback for radiographers regarding exposures in image acquisition. However, in the beginning of its development there have been several issues, leading to confusion to users. Therefore, the development of the standardized Exposure Index (IEC 624924-1) has been proposed. This article also addresses several challenges in EI implementation and take-home points for radiographers. Conclusions: Radiographers should be familiar with the basic concept of EI in order to effectively implement it as an optimisation tool.
The use of polymer as conductor in medical ultrasonography is very crucial to establish patient diagnosis and to prevent administration of improper treatment. Rapid development in science and technology encourages people to create more innovations that are readily usable. However, these innovations sometimes put health and environmental aspects aside that in turn become disadvantageous to health and may lead to environmental pollution. This research proposes the use of carrageenan biopolymer as a safe alternative for people’s health and the environment. It aims to prove differences in resulting phantom CIRS images taken with the help of carrageenan gel and standard gel based on Carbomer 940 as acoustic coupling agents (ACA) for ultrasonography (USG). It is an experimental research that uses true experiment technique with posttest only control group design. Results from T-test analysis show significance value of p>0.05, meaning there is no significant difference between the use of carrageenan gel and ACA gel (Carbomer 940). This result proves that carrageenan gel can be used as an acoustic coupling agent for ultrasonography. Results from imaging tests also reveal that there is no difference between the use of carrageenan gel and that of a manufacturer gel based on Carbomer 940 available in Indonesia, in terms of visualization of phantom CIRS images.
ABSTRACT Background : CT Stonography is a CT scan tract of the kidney that is usually used to detect the presence of stones in the kidney and other pathologies such as the presence of mass in the kidneys. CT Stonography examination with kidney stones case in Buleleng Regional General Hospital using 5 mm slice thickness. The purpose of this study is to know the examination techniques, the reasons for the use of 5 mm slice thickness, and how to determine the size of kidney stones using CT Stonography in cases of nephrolithiasis at Buleleng Regional General Hospital. Methods : This type of research is qualitative with case study approach. The subjects were 2 radiographers, 1 radiologist, and 1 sending doctor. The location of the research at Radiology Installation Buleleng Regional General Hospital. Data were analyzed using by interactive model. Results : From the results of this study examination of CT Stonography at Buleleng Regional General Hospital uses special preparation of 12 hours of fasting before the examination. Position of supine patient (head first). Area scanning from diaphragm to symphisis pubis. Scan parameters using abdomen protocol, 10 mm slice thickness. The reason for using 10 mm slice thickness is that the image can be reconstructed with a thin slice thickness number from the previous result. How to determine the size of kidney stones in patients CT Stonography at Radiology Installation Buleleng Regional General Hospital is using 3 dimensions because to see from the axial, sagittal, coronal multiplanar so that we can measure from the posterior antero direction (AP), cranio caudal (CC), or laterolaterally taken from the widest distance. Conclusion : Examination CT Stonography with nephrolithiasis cases using the position of supine patients (head first), selection of 10 mm slice thickness on CT stonography examination techniques with nephrolithiasis cases at Radiology Installation Buleleng Regional General Hospital for the results of the image can be reconstructed with the amount of thin slice thickness of the previous results. Determination of the size of kidney stones in patients with CT Stonography at Radiology Installation Buleleng Regional General Hospital is using 3 dimensions because to see from the axial, sagittal, coronal multiplanar so that we can measure from the posterior antero direction (AP), cranio caudal (CC), and laterolateral taken from the widest distance.
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