Gamma ray attenuation Neutron radiationMoisture-density gauge a b s t r a c tThe properties of soil in Kirkuk city (IRAQ) are studied using gamma and neutron radiation.Ten locations are selected for the process of making field measurements on soils at 40 e50 cm depth levels then the samples were collected to be studied in the laboratory also. In the field, we measured the density and moisture contents of soils. The laboratory measurement has been performed to obtain mass attenuation coefficients, using gamma spectrometer contains shielded NaI (Tl) detector at the energies of 59.5, 356.5, 662, 1173 and 1332 keV. The obtained results were presented and discussed. The study has practical importance to know the nature of the soil in the oil and agricultural city Kirkuk.

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Many Orbitoides and Omphalocyclus individuals that were collected in the areas of Sura Qalat and Mokaba (northeast Sulaimani, Iraq) exhibited a number of aberrant characteristics. They contain exceptional examples of the microboring activity that took place within the tests, an uncommon test exterior form, the blossoming of equatorial chamber development, and peculiar reproductive characteristics. These aspects provide evidence for the existence of orbitoidal foraminiferal fossilized remains throughout the Maastrichtian period, as well as for palaeoecological variables, the biological lifetime, and taxonomic classification. The fossilization of these individuals and their associations with other creatures, such as Maeandropolydora osmaneliensis Nielsen, Gormüş, and Curvichnus semorbis Nielsen, are what induce the activity known as microboring. Conical forms and other unusual exterior shapes are thought to be linked to palaeoenvironmental sediment logical features such as the type of substratum and the currents that existed in that environment. It is believed that the biological and genetic traits of orbitoidal taxa have a considerable impact on the formation of lateral and equatorial chambers, in addition to the distinctive reproductive abilities these chambers possess. In the case of Orbitoides apiculatus Schlumberger, one of the most notable features is thought to be the cyclical flowering that occurs in the equatorial chambers.

This study focuses on the physical and chemical properties of soils and their geographical distribution, with a specific focus on red clay. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) technique, integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), was employed to predict the chemical characteristics of the soil. Sampling was conducted at twenty-one locations in three areas: Bor Mountain, Jambor, and Kirkuk Hills, all located within Kirkuk City. Seven soil properties were examined: acidity, organic matter content, total dissolved salts (TDS), gypsum, chlorides, and sulfates. The chemical analysis revealed that the soil pH ranged within an acidic range. One sample exhibited a high TDS level. Chloride levels varied within a specific range. The concentration of organic matter in the soil exhibited variability. Sulfur trioxide and gypsum concentrations were found to be below average in the study region. The IDW technique effectively mapped the distribution of the different soil parameters within Kirkuk City, demonstrating a range from good to excellent accuracy. Additionally, a cross-validation method was employed to assess the correlation between the fundamental and investigated chemical properties. The results showed good to excellent degrees of correlation in the different structures studied.