Background: The prevalence of Multi-Drug Resistance-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among retreatment cases is very high. It has become a serious public health issue in Pakistan and can affect greatly TB control strategies. So, we conducted the present research work to update a systematic review of the literature available on MDR-TB cases. Objective: To analyze the resistance pattern of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. To study the prevalence of MDR-TB among new cases, retreatment cases.

Background: Nutrition is the real determinant of human health. The development of children into healthy adults is dependent on their growth, in a healthy environment and having balanced nutrition. Objective: (1) To determine the association of nutritional status of children with their age, sex and socioeconomic status. (2) To compare the nutritional status of government school children and private school children. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional. Settings: Study was conducted in two schools of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Government Girls high school, Punjab Medical College (PMC), Colony Faisalabad and The Smart School, Faisalabad. Duration: Eight months from Jan 01, 2020 – Aug 30, 2020. Methodology: The study was conducted on 200 children, including males & females, to compare weights and heights among government (government) and private (private) schools. Age groups ranging from 9 above to 14 years were being studied. The data was collected by taking anthropometric measures, height and weight, of the students. To assess the nutritional status, the anthropometric measurement of WHO 2007 reference was used as Weight for Age Z-score (WAZ), Height for Age Z-score (HAZ) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for Age Z-score (BAZ). Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 20. Results: The weight of private school children (39.3400 ± 2.39199) was normal as they have adequate diet as compared to government school children (38.7500 ± 1.43812) while 2% children were over weighted. Height of private school children (147.7600 ± 5.04949) was more as compared to government school children (146.8100 ± 4.34310). Statistically Pearson Correlation between weight of private and government school’s children was highly significant, p=0.000, df= 1, CI= 95%. Demographic information with height and weight of the children were taken. Z-score was calculated and graphs were plotted. A value within ± 2 SD in these graphs was considered as normal. Conclusion: Socio-economic status affects the availability and quality of food. For under-weight Children, unhygienic and low-quality food/stuffs are the major contributing factors.

Objectives: The incidence of coronary heart disease in Pakistan is not well established. While the role of lifestyle risk factors and job-related conditions in the development of such diseases, still needs more clarification. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Settings: Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad. Period: Jan, 2018 – Dec, 2018. Material & Methods: 30 office workers of FMU were approached including males & females. A semi-structured questionnaire was used. For evaluation of habitual physical activity Baecke questionnaire was used. Results: 30 office workers of FMU of age groups ranging from 20 above to 59 years (37.333±12.103) were being studied. A questionnaire to evaluate lifestyle and awareness of cardiovascular diseases and risk factor profile and prevalence was administrated to the participants with 23 males and 7 females. Among all, reported smokers were 19%. 47% participants had never performed exercise, overall statistical analysis for physical exercise was 1.4000 ± 0.62146, df =29, p ˂ 0.000, 95% CI. Job strain intensity was assessed according to Job Strain Index (JSI) Scale. It was reported that 53% workers had hard intensity while overall we found JSI 3.3333 ± .75810, df=29, p ˂ 0.000, 95% CI. Conclusion: Some flexibility regarding their job, proper awareness about Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors is the need of the day.

Introduction: Asthma is one of the commonest diseases not only in Pakistan but also worldwide. Study Design: This iscross-sectional analytical study. Settings: The study was carried out at Chest Department Civil Hospital Faisalabad. Duration: (Sixmonths) Sep 2011 to Feb 2012. Material and methods: The effects of exercise in asthmatic patients as revealed by their pulmonaryfunction tests(PFT’s) and arterial blood gas(ABG) analysis.: Total sixty male subjects having age from thirty to forty years were included.They were divided into experimental and control groups, each consisting of thirty cases. In experimental group all asthmatic patients wereincluded who have been diagnosed six months earlier. Results: The results of PFT’s and ABG were recorded and compared, during preand post exercise periods. At rest there was non-significant difference of PFT’s and ABG in two groups. After six minutes exercise onbicycle-ergometer ,there was a significant decrease in Forced Expiratory Volume during first second (FEV , P=0.026), Forced vital 1capacity( FVC, P=0.036) , Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PaO ,P=0.036) and Partial Pressure of Carbondiaoxide (PaCO ,P=0.020) in 2 2asthmatics. Conclusions: We concluded that in response to exercise challenge in asthmatics, PFT’s have more precision for assessmentthan ABG.

Introduction: Among all ophthalmic diseases, cataract is the most commonest disorder not only in Pakistan but alsoworldwide. There are a number of causes for cataract development. Purpose: The present study was carried out to evaluate the density ofcataract and its relation with axial length of the eye. Study design: In this observational study, the patients with cataract in both eyes wereselected by simple random technique. Period: From June to December 2012. Place: This study was conducted in Diagnostic andResearch Centre, Department of Ophthalmology, Allied Hospital, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad. Subjects and settings: In presentstudy 200 eyes of 100 patients were included having cataract in both eyes. Only those patients were selected who had no pathology otherthan cataract affecting visual acuity. The density of the cataract was assessed by measuring visual acuity. The axial lengths of both eyeswere measured at the time of examination to see the relation between the axial length and density of cataract. Results: The comparison ofthe two eyes regarding the evaluation of the density of cataract and its relation with axial length was performed. Out of 100 patients 74(74%) had a denser cataract or lesser visual acuity in the eye with a longer axial length (DCLAL) and 26 (26%) had a denser cataract or alesser visual acuity in the eye with shorter axial length (DCSAL). On right side the axial length was 24.84±1.73 and on left side, it was21.62±1.63. Our results showed that on right side, the visual acuity was 0.19±0.09 and on left side, it was 0.23±0.08. The axial lengthand visual acuity were statistically analyzed. The correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).The correlation coefficient was -0.04 on right side and on left, it was -0.12 showing inverse correlation between the two variables. Conclusions: There is a strongcorrelation between density of cataract and the axial length of the eyeball.