Background subtraction is one of the main techniques to extract moving objects from background scenes. A mixture of Gaussians is a common model for background subtraction that has been used in many applications. However modelling background pixels using this model results into a low-level process at pixel level. Some of its main drawbacks are: a subtracted (moving object) region may contain holes; it can not solve partial occlusion problems, and it requires updates in cases of shadows or sudden changes in the scene. We present a multi-layered mixture of Gaussians model named PixelMap. We combine the mixture of Gaussians model with concepts defined by region level and frame level considerations. Our experimental results show that our method improved the accuracy of extracting moving objects from background. A single stationary camera has been used.

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Video surveillance systems seek to automatically identify events of interest in a variety of situations. Extracting a moving object from background is the most important step of the whole system. There are many approaches to track moving objects in a video surveillance system. These can be classified into three main groups: feature-based tracking, background subtraction, and optical flow techniques. Background subtraction is a region-based approach where the objective is to identify parts of the image plane that are significantly different to the background. In order to avoid the most common problems introduced by gradual illumination changes, waving trees, shadows, etc., the background scene requires a composite model. A mixture of Gaussian distributions is most popular. In this paper, we classify and discuss several recently proposed composite models. We have chosen one of these for implementation and evaluate its performance. We also analyzed its benefits and drawbacks, and designed an improved version of this model based on our experimental evaluation. One stationary camera has been used.Keywords: video sequence analysis, surveillance systems, Gaussian mixture models. You are granted permission for the non-commercial reproduction, distribution, display, and performance of this technical report in any format, BUT this permission is only for a period of 45 (forty-five) days from the most recent time that you verified that this technical report is still available from the CITR Tamaki web site under terms that include this permission. All other rights are reserved by the author(s). Evaluation of an Adaptive Composite Gaussian Model in Video Surveillance

The scientific outcomes of the 2022 Landslide4Sense (L4S) competition organized by the Institute of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IARAI) are presented here. The objective of the competition is to automatically detect landslides based on large-scale multiple sources of satellite imagery collected globally. The 2022 L4S aims to foster interdisciplinary research on recent developments in deep learning (DL) models for the semantic segmentation task using satellite imagery. In the past few years, DL-based models have achieved performance that meets expectations on image interpretation, due to the development of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The main objective of this article is to present the details and the bestperforming algorithms featured in this competition. The winning solutions are elaborated with state-of-the-art models like the Swin Transformer, SegFormer, and U-Net. Advanced machine learning techniques and strategies such as hard example mining, self-training, and mix-up data augmentation are also considered. Moreover, we describe the L4S benchmark data set in order to facilitate further comparisons, and report the results of the accuracy assessment online. The data is accessible on Future Development Leaderboard for future evaluation at https://www. iarai.ac.at/landslide4sense/challenge/, and researchers are invited to submit more prediction results, evaluate the accuracy of their Manuscript received XX 2021.