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Individuals are consistently observed to be risk-averse over gains and risk-seeking over losses. This study examined whether increased social distance would change these behavioral patterns. To test our hypothesis, social distance was manipulated by asking the participants to make decisions either for themselves or for another person (Experiment 1), either for a known person or for an unknown person (Experiment 2), and either for a close friend or for a distant friend (Experiment 3). The results of Experiments 1 and 3 showed that increased social distance made people more risk-neutral, and such an effect was stronger in the gain domain than in the loss domain. However, the effect of social distance was not observed in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that risk preferences are influenced by the social distance between decision makers and beneficiaries.

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A series of transition metal coordination polymers with azide and flexible zwitterionic dicarboxylate ligands was synthesized and structurally and magnetically characterized. These compounds are formulated as [M(2)(L(1))(N(3))(4)] (L(1) = 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridinio-N,N'-diacetate and M = Mn, 1; Co, 2; and Ni, 3) and [ML(2)(N(3))(6)(H(2)O)(2)] (L(2) = 4,4'-dipyridinio-N,N'-diacetate and M = Mn, 4; Co, 5). The isomorphous compounds 1-3 consist of two-dimensional coordination layers in which the anionic uniform chains with mixed triple bridges (two end-on (EO) azides and a syn-syn carboxylate) are cross-linked by the flexible cationic 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridinium spacers, while the isomorphous compounds 4 and 5 consist of alternating chains with triple (two EO azides plus a carboxylate) and double (two end-to-end azides) bridges, the 4,4'-dipyridinium spacers serving as side bridges along the chain. Magnetic studies demonstrated that the triple bridge transmits antiferromagnetic coupling in the Mn(II) compounds (1 and 4) but ferromagnetic coupling in the Co(II) and Ni(II) species (2, 3, and 5). The differences have been discussed in terms of the collaboration or competition between the carboxylate and azide pathways. Compound 4 exhibits alternating antiferromagnetic interactions, while alternating ferromagnetic-ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interactions with spin canting are suggested for 5.