Vertebral compression fractures are more common in the elderly, particularly in postmenopausal women. Most of these people are accompanied by osteoporosis, which can easily lead to spinal deformities and fractures. Once a fracture occurs, the patient would have severe pain response, limited spinal movement, and need to stay in bed for a long time, resulting in a significant decrease in their quality of life. Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) is a minimally invasive spinal surgery that injects bone cement into the diseased vertebrae for therapeutic purposes. It can quickly relieve pain and stabilize the spine. It is widely used in the treatment of vertebral compression fractures and is currently an ideal treatment method. There are many materials of bone cement used in clinical treatment, and each material has unique characteristics. Many scholars would modify the bone cement according to the advantages and disadvantages to make it more suitable for clinical use. In this review, we discuss the clinical application and modification of bone cement.

Bone and joint tuberculosis is an extremely severe infectious disease that commonly occurs due to the primary infection of a type of mycobacteria, called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Under the current scenario, there are very limited supplies of bone grafts available for the treatment of deceased bone, including autogenous bone and synthetic biomaterials. The present study aimed to construct a nanoscale isoniazid-loaded mineralized collagen implant, and then to explore its physicochemical properties and to investigate its biocompatibility suitable for bone and joint repair. Using type I collagen as raw material and the principle of biomimetic mineralization for self-assembly of bone tissue, a new drug-loaded mineralized collagen implant was constructed by molecular coprecipitation with isoniazid. Its surface morphology, elemental composition, and porosity were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and pycnometer. The performance of the implant was gauged by sustained release and degradation, which were studied using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer and a simulated in vivo environment. The drug loading and encapsulation rates of the implants were (6.25 ± 0.48)% and (54 ± 2.34)%, respectively. The in vitro release time of the scaffold was more than 12 weeks and the degradation performance was excellent. The scaffold was then implanted into mice, and the inflammatory reaction of local tissue was observed by Haemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson. The in vivo evaluation in mice showed that the scaffold was biocompatible. Overall, compared with traditional drug loading systems, the isoniazid biomimetic mineralized collagen implant constructed here has better drug release performance, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. This kind of collagen implant may find potential applications in tuberculous bone and joint repair.