The transient elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) induced by cold stress is a well‐established phenomenon; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that the Ca2+‐permeable transporter ANNEXIN1 (AtANN1) mediates cold‐triggered Ca2+ influx and freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. The loss of function of AtANN1 substantially impaired freezing tolerance, reducing the cold‐induced [Ca2+]cyt increase and upregulation of the cold‐responsive CBF and COR genes. Further analysis showed that the OST1/SnRK2.6 kinase interacted with and phosphorylated AtANN1, which consequently enhanced its Ca2+ transport activity, thereby potentiating Ca2+ signaling. Consistent with these results and freezing sensitivity of ost1 mutants, the cold‐induced [Ca2+]cyt elevation in the ost1‐3 mutant was reduced. Genetic analysis indicated that AtANN1 acts downstream of OST1 in responses to cold stress. Our data thus uncover a cascade linking OST1‐AtANN1 to cold‐induced Ca2+ signal generation, which activates the cold response and consequently enhances freezing tolerance in Arabidopsis.

Cold stress is a major environmental factor affecting the growth, development, and productivity of various crop species. With the current trajectory of global climate change, low temperatures are becoming more frequent and can significantly decrease crop yield. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first domesticated crop and is the most popular cereal crop in the world. Because of a lack of systematic research on cold signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks, the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold signal transduction in wheat are poorly understood. This study reviews recent progress in wheat, including the ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway under cold stress and the effects of cold stress on hormonal pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and epigenetic processes and elements. This review also highlights possible strategies for improving cold tolerance in wheat.

Long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizers can cause many problems, such as soil degradation and environmental pollution. Therefore, we reduced conventional nitrogen fertilization and added organic fertilizers in some cases to investigate the response of photosynthetic characteristics, root nodules and yield on reduced nitrogen fertilization. Compared to conventional nitrogen fertilization, the 25% and 35% nitrogen reduction treatments reduced the leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate, 100-fruit weight, 100-kernel weight and the yield of peanut, but had no significant effect on the kernel rate. With constant N fertilizer, adding organic fertilization alone increased leaf area index, chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate and yield of peanut. In compounded treatments of nitrogen and organic fertilizer, the highest yields were achieved in the 25% N reduction with the 3000 kg/hm−2 organic fertilizer treatment (T3) and the 4500 kg/hm−2 organic fertilizer treatment (T4); furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, yield and fertilizer contribution were significantly higher in these two treatments than in the conventional fertilizer treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on the quantity and fresh weight of root nodules. Concretely, nitrogen reduction increased the quantity and fresh weight of root nodules of peanut in the early stage of fertility but decreased them in the harvest stage. Nitrogen reduction with an additional organic fertilizer in the late stage of fertility increased the quantity and fresh weight of root nodules of peanut. Considering the property of root nodules was significantly positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate and yield, the arguments above may be the mechanism of the highest yields found in T3 and T4. This work can provide empirical and instructional support for a balanced fertilization strategy in peanut agriculture and high-yielding and efficient cultivation of peanut.

Abstract-Aim at the different attack threats the running software faced with during reversing, a method of sensing attack threats based on "software security sensor "is proposed in this paper. And the instance has demonstrated that the method is effective and feasible. Drawing lessons from the thought of physical sensors, the code snippet which is used to sense the attack threats is called "software security sensor", SwSensor for short. Firstly, the attack threats and their features are analyzed; then the design of the corresponding SwSensors and the delimiting of sensed areas is discussed in detail; finally, the layout model based on the multi-level gateway in physical sensor network is described.

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