In this paper, the interaction of a broadband Rayleigh wave generated by a laser and an artificial rectangular notch is analyzed theoretically and experimentally. For the theoretical analysis, a Gaussian function is adopted to analyze the modulation of notch depth on the frequency spectrum via reflection and transmission coefficients. By the finite element method, the Rayleigh wave generated by pulsed laser beam irradiation and its scattering waves at cracks are calculated. A curve with a slope close to 4 fitted by crack depth and critical wavelength of the threshold phenomenon is obtained by the wavelet transform and Parseval’s theorem according to simulated and experimental results. Based on this relationship, the critical frequency at which the threshold phenomenon happens due to energy transformation of transmission/reflection Rayleigh waves is adopted to determine the size of sub-wavelength surface crack. The experimental results of artificial notch depth estimation on aluminum alloy specimens consistent with theoretical analysis validates the usefulness of the critical frequency method based on a broadband Rayleigh wave generated by laser ultrasonic.

Influenced by the earth magnetic field, indirection of the domain organization and irreversible reorientation will be occurred in internal organization of the loaded ferromagnetic material. The effects of stress on the domains of silicon steel sheet and 0.20% C carbon steel, which had been loaded on the different load, the domains have been observed with the Bitter method. The results show that the silicon steel and 0.20% C carbon steel with the low load or no load, there mainly exist 180 domains, dendritic domains, gladiate domains whose walls are smaller each other in a same crystalline grain, then, with the load enhancing, the domain walls' length and space changed and there exits mazy I domains and mazy II domains, and the number of the mazy domains increase.

The laser ultrasonic method using the characteristics of transmitted Rayleigh waves in the frequency domain to determine micro-crack depth is proposed. A low-pass filter model based on the interaction between Rayleigh waves and surface cracks is built and shows that the stop band, called the sensitive frequency range, is sensitive to the depth of surface cracks. The sum of transmission coefficients in the sensitive frequency range is defined as an evaluated parameter to determine crack depth. Moreover, the effects of the sensitive frequency range and measured distance on the evaluated results are analyzed by the finite-element method to validate the robustness of this depth-evaluating method. The estimated results of surface cracks with depths ranging from 0.08 mm to ~0.5 mm on the FEM models and aluminum-alloy samples demonstrate that the laser ultrasounds using the characteristics of Rayleigh waves in the frequency domain do work for quantitative crack depth.

To intelligently and quickly verify the depths and angles of oblique surface cracks using the laser ultrasound technique, a crack geometry information evaluation method using a support vector machine (SVM) is proposed. The relationships between several parameters—which are based on transmitted waves and reflected waves containing crack geometry information in the time domain, frequency domain and time–frequency domain, and crack size—are presented in detail. To decide which feature parameters are involved in the SVM model, two selection standards are proposed according to the correlations between feature parameters and crack size and between the feature parameters themselves. Finally, a seven-feature-parameter SVM model which has an excellent ability to classify oblique crack depths and angles is built. The results of simulations using the finite element method (FEM) and experimental data show that seven parameters based on the SVM model are available for the oblique surface crack depth and angle evaluation and can be used to nondestructively detect natural cracks.

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