Cortical GABAergic inhibitory interneurons have crucial roles in the development and function of the cerebral cortex. In rodents, nearly all neocortical interneurons are generated from the subcortical ganglionic eminences. In humans and nonhuman primates, however, the developmental origin of neocortical GABAergic interneurons remains unclear. Here we show that the expression patterns of several key transcription factors in the developing primate telencephalon are very similar to those in rodents, delineating the three main subcortical progenitor domains (the medial, lateral and caudal ganglionic eminences) and the interneurons tangentially migrating from them. On the basis of the continuity of Sox6, COUP-TFII and Sp8 transcription factor expression and evidence from cell migration and cell fate analyses, we propose that the majority of primate neocortical GABAergic interneurons originate from ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon. Our findings reveal that the mammalian neocortex shares basic rules for interneuron development, substantially reshaping our understanding of the origin and classification of primate neocortical interneurons.

It is of great interest to identify new neurons in the adult human brain, but the persistence of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the existence of the rostral migratory stream (RMS)-like pathway in the adult human forebrain remain highly controversial. In the present study, we have described the general configuration of the RMS in adult monkey, fetal human and adult human brains. We provide evidence that neuroblasts exist continuously in the anterior ventral SVZ and RMS of the adult human brain. The neuroblasts appear singly or in pairs without forming chains; they exhibit migratory morphologies and co-express the immature neuronal markers doublecortin, polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule and βIII-tubulin. Few of these neuroblasts appear to be actively proliferating in the anterior ventral SVZ but none in the RMS, indicating that neuroblasts distributed along the RMS are most likely derived from the ventral SVZ. Interestingly, no neuroblasts are found in the adult human olfactory bulb. Taken together, our data suggest that the SVZ maintains the ability to produce neuroblasts in the adult human brain.

High-capacity anode materials are one of the bottlenecks to further improve the energy density of Na-ion batteries (NIBs). Except for introducing more defects to increase the sloping capacity, tuning the closed porous structure to boost the plateau capacity is another direction. Here by adopting phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) as the carbon precursor and ethanol (EtOH) as the pore-forming agent, through precise chemical regulation of their relative content during a solvothermal process before further carbonization, carbon anodes with appropriate microstructure are achieved. It is found that the function of EtOH rests on generating steam vapor to create a pore cavity among cross-linked matrixes. The obtained optimal anodes exhibit a high Na storage capacity of ca. 410 mAh/g. When pairing with an O3-NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode, the full cell delivers a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 83% and energy density of ca. 300 Wh/kg. The proposed chemical regulation approach via a pore-forming strategy is simple and practical to enable high-energy-density NIBs.