As the human population increases and production expands, energy demand and anthropogenic carbon emission rates have been growing rapidly, and the need to decrease carbon emission levels has drawn increasing attention. The link between energy production and consumption has required the large-scale transport of energy within energy transmission networks. Within this energy flow, there is a virtual circulation of carbon emissions. To understand this circulation and account for the relationship between energy consumption and carbon emissions, this paper introduces the concept of “carbon emission flow in networks” and establishes a method to calculate carbon emission flow in networks. Using an actual analysis of China's energy pattern, the authors discuss the significance of this new concept, not only as a feasible approach but also as an innovative theoretical perspective.

Today, many students learn to speak a foreign language by listening to and repeating pre-recorded materials due to the lack of practice opportunities with human partners. Leveraging recent advancements in AI, Speech, and NLP, we developed EnglishBot, a language learning chatbot that converses with students interactively on college-related topics and provides adaptive feedback. We evaluated EnglishBot against a traditional listen-and-repeat interface with 56 Chinese college students through two six-day user studies under both voluntary and fixed-usage conditions. Students' fluency improved more with EnglishBot as evaluated by the IELTS grading standard for voluntary learning. EnglishBot users also showed higher engagement and voluntarily spent 2.1 times more time interacting with EnglishBot. Our results suggest that conversational interfaces may benefit foreign learners' oral language learning, particularly under casual learning settings. CCS CONCEPTS• Applied computing → Education; • Human-centered computing → Natural language interfaces; Empirical studies in HCI .

Figure 1: (Left) The chatbot in the BookBuddy system is greeting the child and gathering user information for book recommendation. (Right) The chatbot is quizzing the child on topics related to the book Oh, Raccoon shown in the left window.

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