Objective To explore the effects of different lifestyle choices on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to establish a decision tree model to analyse their predictive significance on the incidence of MCI. Methods Study participants were recruited from geriatric and physical examination centres from October 2015 to October 2019: 330 MCI patients and 295 normal cognitive (NC) patients. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination Scale (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Scale (CDR), while the Barthel Index (BI) was used to evaluate life ability. Statistical analysis included the χ 2 test, logistic regression, and decision tree. The ROC curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive ability of the decision tree model. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that low education, living alone, smoking, and a high-fat diet were risk factors for MCI, while young age, tea drinking, afternoon naps, social engagement, and hobbies were protective factors for MCI. Social engagement, a high-fat diet, hobbies, living condition, tea drinking, and smoking entered all nodes of the decision tree model, with social engagement as the root node variable. The importance of predictive variables in the decision tree model showed social engagement, a high-fat diet, tea drinking, hobbies, living condition, and smoking as 33.57%, 27.74%, 22.14%, 11.94%, 4.61%, and 0%, respectively. The area under the ROC curve predicted by the decision tree model was 0.827 (95% CI: 0.795~0.856). Conclusion The decision tree model has good predictive ability. MCI was closely related to lifestyle; social engagement was the most important factor in predicting the occurrence of MCI.

Introduction:We studied the regulatory mechanism of the habitual brain network in tobacco dependence to provide a theoretical basis for the regulation and cessation of tobacco dependence. Methods: We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and functional connectivity (FC) of the habitual brain network in tobacco-dependent subjects and to evaluate the relationship between the FC level and tobacco selection preference behavior. In total, 29 male tobacco-dependent participants and 28 male nonsmoking participants were recruited. rs-fMRI was used to collect blood oxygen level-dependent signals of the participants in the resting and awake states. After rs-fMRI, all subjects completed cigarette/coin selection tasks (task 1 and task 2). Results: Compared with the control group, the tobacco dependence group showed increased fractional amplitude values of fALFF in the left posterior cingulate cortex and right parahippocampus. FC in the tobacco-dependent group was increased in the right inferior temporal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, left cingulated gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus, compared with that in the control group. Moreover, the preference selection behavior was associated with the enhancement of FC about parts of the brain regions in the habitual brain network of the tobacco-dependent participants. Thus, habitual network activity was significantly enhanced in tobacco-dependent participants in the resting state. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the cigarette selection preference of the smokers and certain brain regions related to the habitual network. Discussion: This suggests that increased activity of the habitual brain network may be essential in the development of tobacco-dependent behavior.

Background and purpose: According to the classic cognitive behavioral theory proposes, dysfunctional goal-directed and habit control systems are considered central to the pathogenesis of dependent behavior and impair recovery from addictions. The functional connectivity (FC) of the brain circuits for goal-directed or habitual behavior has not been clearly reported in tobacco-dependent groups. Smoking is one of the factors in the formation of atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that the thickness of carotid intima-media (cIMT) is associated with attention-executive-psychomotor functioning. Therefore, we hypothesized whether cIMT in tobacco-dependent individuals is associated with changes in the FC of the dual-system network.Methods: A total of 29 male tobacco-dependent subjects (tobacco-dependent group) (mean age: 64.20 years, standard deviation [SD]: 4.81 years) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Exactly 28 male nonsmokers (control group) (mean age: 61.95 years, SD: 5.52 years) were also recruited to undergo rs-fMRI. We used the dorsolateral striatum (putamen) and dorsomedial striatum (caudate) as regions of interest for whole-brain resting-state connectivity to construct habitual and goal-directed brain networks, respectively. In addition, all participants were evaluated by carotid artery ultrasound to obtain the cIMT values. Then, we compared the dualsystem brain networks between the tobacco dependence and control groups and the relationship between cIMT and imbalance of dual-system brain networks in tobacco dependence. Results:The results showed a reduction in the connection between the caudate and precuneus and an increased connection between the putamen and prefrontal cortex; and supplementary motor area. The bilateral connectivity between the caudate and inferior frontal gyrus showed a significant negative correlation with the cIMT, and no positive correlation was observed with cIMT in the brain region that connects to the This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.