Nowadays the major factors determining commercialization of lead halide perovskite photovoltaic technology are shifting from solar cell performance to stability, reproducibility, up-scaling, and in particular the concern of Pb leakage during solar cell operation. Here we simulate a realistic scenario that the perovskite solar modules with different encapsulation methods are damaged to a typical extent by mechanical impact (according to the modified FM 44787 standard) and quantitatively measure the lead leakage rates from the damaged modules. We demonstrate that an epoxy resin (ER) based encapsulation method reduces the Pb leakage rate by a factor of 375 compared to the encapsulation method using a glass cover with the UV-resin cured at the module edges. The excellent Pb leakage prevention characteristics is due to the self-healing property of ER and increased mechanical strength. These findings strongly suggest lead halide perovskite photovoltaic products can be used with minimal Pb leakage if appropriate encapsulation is employed.

2D organic materials with in‐plane van der Waals forces among molecules have unique characteristics that ensure a brilliant future for multifunctional applications. Soluble organic semiconductors can be used to achieve low‐cost and high‐throughput manufacturing of electronic devices. However, achieving solution‐processed 2D single‐crystalline semiconductors with uniform morphology remains a substantial challenge. Here, the fabrication of 2D molecular single‐crystal semiconductors with precise layer definition by using a floating‐coffee‐ring‐driven assembly is presented. In particular, bilayer molecular films exhibit single‐crystalline features with atomic smoothness and high film uniformity over a large area; field‐effect transistors yield average and maximum carrier mobilities of 4.8 and 13.0 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. This work demonstrates the strong potential of 2D molecular crystals for low‐cost, large‐area, and high‐performance electronics.

BaCKgRoUND aND aIMS: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in multicellular, stromal-dependent alterations leading to HCC pathogenesis. However, the intricate crosstalk between CAFs and other components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the cellular crosstalk among CAFs, tumor cells, and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) during different stages of HCC pathogenesis. appRoaCH aND ReSUltS: In the HCC-TME, CAFderived cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) increased chemokine (C-X-C motif ) ligand 6 (CXCL6) and TGFβ secretion in tumor cells, which subsequently promoted tumor cell stemness in an autocrine manner and TAN infiltration and polarization in a paracrine manner. Moreover, CXCL6 and TGFβ secreted by HCC cells activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 signaling of CAFs to produce more CLCF1, thus forming a positive feedback loop to accelerate HCC progression. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or CLCF1/ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor signaling efficiently impaired CLCF1-mediated crosstalk among CAFs, tumor cells, and TANs both in vitro and in vivo. In clinical samples, up-regulation of the CLCF1−CXCL6/TGFβ axis exhibited a marked correlation with increased cancer stem cells, "N2"-polarized TANs, tumor stage, and poor prognosis. CoNClUSIoNS:This study reveals a cytokine-mediated cellular crosstalk and clinical network involving the CLCF1− CXCL6/TGFβ axis, which regulates the positive feedback loop among CAFs, tumor stemness, and TANs, HCC progression, and patient prognosis. These results may support the CLCF1 cascade as a potential prognostic biomarker and suggest that selective blockade of CLCF1/ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor or ERK1/2 signaling could provide an effective therapeutic target for patients with HCC. (Hepatology 2021;73:1717-1735. M ore than 80% of HCCs are characterized by extensive liver fibrosis caused by the activation, proliferation, and accumulation of fibroblasts. (1) A hallmark feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC is the mass of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which has been extensively reported to influence HCC progression. (1)

Ferroelectric organic field-effect transistors (Fe-OFETs) have been attractive for a variety of non-volatile memory device applications. One of the critical issues of Fe-OFETs is the improvement of carrier mobility in semiconducting channels. In this article, we propose a novel interfacial buffering method that inserts an ultrathin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) between ferroelectric polymer and organic semiconductor layers. A high field-effect mobility (μFET) up to 4.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained. Subsequently, the programming process in our Fe-OFETs is mainly dominated by the switching between two ferroelectric polarizations rather than by the mobility-determined charge accumulation at the channel. Thus, the “reading” and “programming” speeds are significantly improved. Investigations show that the polarization fluctuation at semiconductor/insulator interfaces, which affect the charge transport in conducting channels, can be suppressed effectively using our method.