A facile and reproducible method for the synthesis of Ag 3 PO 4 /TiO 2 visible light photocatalyst has been developed to improve the photocatalytic activity and stability of Ag 3 PO 4 . The innovation of this method is to in situ deposit Ag 3 PO 4 nanoparticles onto the TiO 2 (P25) surface forming a heterostructure. The improved activity of the Ag 3 PO 4 /TiO 2 heterostructured photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation is attributed to the increased surface area and enhanced absorption of MB and RhB. Furthermore, depositing Ag 3 PO 4 onto the surface of TiO 2 facilitates electron-hole separation that leads to the elevated photocatalytic activity. The heterostructured Ag 3 PO 4 /TiO 2 photocatalyst significantly decreases the loading of noble metal Ag from 77 wt% to 47 wt%, thereby significantly reducing the cost for the practical application of Ag 3 PO 4 photocatalyst.

Previous studies have suggested that complex movements can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. Most recording studies in the motor cortex, however, have investigated the encoding of time-independent features of movement such as direction, velocity, position, or force. Here, we show that single motor cortical neurons encode temporally evolving movement trajectories and not simply instantaneous movement parameters. We explicitly characterize the preferred trajectories of individual neurons using a simple exponential encoding model and demonstrate that temporally extended trajectories not only capture the tuning of motor cortical neurons more accurately, but can be used to decode the instantaneous movement direction with less error. These findings suggest that single motor cortical neurons encode whole movement fragments, which are temporally extensive and can be quite complex.

systems of lower decomposition potential or water-based electrolytes, which also make SIBs cheaper than LIBs. [ 2 ] Over the past decade, a series of important results has triggered increasing academic interest in room temperature SIBs. Actually, in recent years, many electrode materials of room temperature SIBs, such as layered NaMO 2 (M = Co, Mn, Ni, Cr, V, etc.), [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] phosphates [ 13 ] and fl uorophosphates [ 14 ] as cathodes, and low potential metal oxides, [15][16][17] and carbon materials [ 20,21 ] as anodes materials have been extensively studied.However, because of the larger ionic radius of Na + (1.02 Å) than Li + (0.76 Å) and the higher equivalent weight of Na than Li, when Na + is inserted into/extracted from the host materials, the impact on the structure of host materials becomes more serious. Therefore, the cycle life and structural stability of the above-mentioned materials are still far from a satisfactory target. It seems very necessary and desirable for developing new kinds of electrode materials with good electrochemical performance to satisfy the application of SIBs in the future. Nowadays, advanced electrode materials with high capacity and stable long-term cycle life are critical for SIBs. Recently, active phosphates with NASICON structure, particularly sodium vanadium phosphate (Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ), have received considerable attention because this material possesses a rhombohedral R-3c symmetry that can generate large interstitial spaces through which sodium ions can diffuse. [ 2,22 ] NASICON-type Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 displays two potential plateaus located at 1.6 V and 3.4 V vs. Na/Na + , corresponding to the V 2+ /V 3+ and V 3+ /V 4+ redox couple, respectively. [ 23 ] Moreover, its theoretical discharge capacity varies between 118 and 236 mAh g −1 based on the potential window and the variation between V 3+ /V 4+ and V 2+ / V 3+ redox states. [ 23,24 ] However, it should be pointed out that the low electrical conductivity of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , which is similar to LiFePO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , seriously limits its electrochemical performance, in particular the rate stability at high current density. [ 25 ] Therefore, numerous strategies should be attempted to improve the rate performance, such as decreasing the particle size, carbon or other conductive material coating and metal ion doping. [ 26,27 ] In particular, carbon coating is regarded as a lowcost and high-effi ciency way towards improving the conductivity of electrode materials and has been already widely applied to certain electrode materials of LIBs, [26][27][28] such as Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiMnPO 4 and LiFePO 4 . However, due to the above-mentioned A nitrogen-doped, carbon-coated Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode material is synthesized and the formation of doping type of nitrogen-doped in carbon coating layer is systemically investigated. Three different carbon-nitrogen species: pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and quaternary N are identifi ed. The most important fi nding is that different carbon-nitrogen specie...

Designing high‐performance palladium (Pd) supports with enhanced ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) activity has consistently been a challenge. Here, a novel anatase titanium dioxide nanosheets‐black phosphorus (ATN‐BP) hybrid is fabricated as a support for Pd nanoparticles used in the EOR. The direct ball‐milling of BP nanoflakes and ATN under argon protection lead to the formation of ATN‐BP hybrids with BP nanoflakes interconnected by cataclastic ATN with POTi bonds. The structure of ATN‐BP not only is beneficial for improving the electrolyte penetration and electron transportation but also has a strong influence on the stripping of reactive intermediates through the synergistic interaction between Pd and ATN‐BP. The results demonstrate that the Pd/ATN‐BP hybrids with heterointerfaces of Pd, BP, and ATN exhibit ultrahigh electroactivity and durability. In the EOR, the Pd/ATN‐BP catalyst can achieve an electrochemically active surface area of ≈462.1 m2 gPd−1 and a mass peak current density of 5023.8 mA mgPd−1, which are 11.67 and 6.87 times greater, respectively, than those of commercial Pd/C. The Pd/ATN‐BP catalysts also show remarkable stability with a retention rate of the peak current density of ≈30.6% after a durability test of 3600 s.

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