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Purpose This paper aims to clarify the principle of force measurement using the auxetic structure by studying the relationship among the force, the change of transmittance and the change of output current of the solar cell. Design/methodology/approach This paper opted for an exploratory study using combining theory with experiment. This paper analysized the theoretical model and deformation of the auxetic structure. It used a hexagon honeycomb structure as a comparison in the experiment. The experiment was conducted on a universal testing machine, and the data was obtained by a digital acquisition card. The data was analyzed without using any signal processing means. Findings This paper provides the linearity and the sensitivity of the proposed force measurement method. It shows a good linear relationship between the input and output of this method and good sensitivity, stability and repeatability without using any signal processing means. Originality/value This paper provides new structural insights for force sensors and presents future research directions.

For addressing the optimal design parameter for the time-dependent structure involving fuzzy variables, a novel reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) model with the constraints of time-dependent failure possibility (TDFP) is proposed. The solution of the RBDO is a double loop method, the outer loop is deterministic optimization, and the inner loop performs TDFP analysis. For evaluating TDFP in the inner loop, firstly the double-loop nested optimization method (DLOM) is investigated, but the high computational cost of DLOM is impractical, thus the single-loop optimization method is adopted. After the detailed implementation of the proposed RBDO is given, several examples containing one numerical example and two engineering examples are introduced to show the rationality of the proposed approach.

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