Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles were engineered for targeted delivery of anti-inflammation therapeutics to treat pneumonia. This delivery strategy improved therapeutic efficacy, inhibited the pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration, and calmed local cytokine storm syndromes compared with the free drug-treated group.

Autoimmune diseases are the third most common disease influencing the quality of life of many patients. Here, a programmed cell death‐ligand 1 + (PD‐L1) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐sEVs‐PD‐L1) using lentivirus‐mediated gene transfection technology is developed for reconfiguration of the local immune microenvironment of affected tissue in autoimmune diseases. MSC‐sEVs‐PD‐L1 exhibits an impressive ability to regulate various activated immune cells to an immunosuppressed state in vitro. More importantly, in dextran sulfate sodium‐induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and imiquimod‐induced psoriasis mouse models, a significantly high accumulation of MSC‐sEVs‐PD‐L1 is observed in the inflamed tissues compared to the PD‐L1+ MSCs. Therapeutic efficiency in both UC and psoriasis mouse disease models is demonstrated using MSC‐sEVs‐PD‐L1 to reshape the inflammatory ecosystem in the local immune context. A technology is developed using MSC‐sEVs‐PD‐L1 as a natural delivery platform for autoimmune diseases treatment with high clinical potential.

Cancer immunotherapy using cancer vaccines has shown great potential in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Here, we report an implantable autologous blood clot scaffold for enhanced cancer vaccination. It comprises a gel-like fibrin network formed by coagulation of blood to trap a large number of red blood cells. Upon implantation, the cross-linked RBCs in the blood clot can attract and recruit a great number of immune cells, leading to the formation of an “immune niche.” Encapsulated with tumor-associated antigen and adjuvant, the blood clot vaccine (BCV) can induce a robust anticancer immune response. The BCV combined with immune checkpoint blockade effectively inhibits tumor growth in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor models. The proposed implantable blood clot cancer vaccine can be readily made by mixing the blood from patients with cancer with immunomodulating agents ex vivo, followed by reimplantation into the same patient for personalized cancer immunotherapy in future clinical translation.

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