BackgroundRecent evidence suggests that higher calcium and/or vitamin D intake may be associated with lower body weight and better metabolic health. Due to contradictory findings from intervention trials, we investigated the effect of calcium plus vitamin D3 (calcium+D) supplementation on anthropometric and metabolic profiles during energy restriction in healthy, overweight and obese adults with very-low calcium consumption.MethodsFifty-three subjects were randomly assigned in an open-label, randomized controlled trial to receive either an energy-restricted diet (−500 kcal/d) supplemented with 600 mg elemental calcium and 125 IU vitamin D3 or energy restriction alone for 12 weeks. Repeated measurements of variance were performed to evaluate the differences between groups for changes in body weight, BMI, body composition, waist circumference, and blood pressures, as well as in plasma TG, TC, HDL, LDL, glucose and insulin concentrations.ResultsEighty-one percent of participants completed the trial (85% from the calcium + D group; 78% from the control group). A significantly greater decrease in fat mass loss was observed in the calcium + D group (−2.8±1.3 vs.-1.8±1.3 kg; P=0.02) than in the control group, although there was no significant difference in body weight change (P>0.05) between groups. The calcium + D group also exhibited greater decrease in visceral fat mass and visceral fat area (P<0.05 for both). No significant difference was detected for changes in metabolic variables (P>0.05).ConclusionCalcium plus vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks augmented body fat and visceral fat loss in very-low calcium consumers during energy restriction.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01447433, http://clinicaltrials.gov/).

As a new generalization of the notion of the standard group, the notion of the neutrosophic triplet group (NTG) is derived from the basic idea of the neutrosophic set and can be regarded as a mathematical structure describing generalized symmetry. In this paper, the properties and structural features of NTG are studied in depth by using theoretical analysis and software calculations (in fact, some important examples in the paper are calculated and verified by mathematics software, but the related programs are omitted). The main results are obtained as follows: (1) by constructing counterexamples, some mistakes in the some literatures are pointed out; (2) some new properties of NTGs are obtained, and it is proved that every element has unique neutral element in any neutrosophic triplet group; (3) the notions of NT-subgroups, strong NT-subgroups, and weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups (WCNTGs) are introduced, the quotient structures are constructed by strong NT-subgroups, and a homomorphism theorem is proved in weak commutative neutrosophic triplet groups.

Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHc) outbreaks are reported frequently in china. However, the transmissibility of AHc remains unclear. this study aimed to calculate the transmissibility of the disease with and without interventions. An AHC outbreak dataset from January 2007 to December 2016 in different schools was built in Hunan Province. A Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model was adopted to calculate the effective reproduction number (R eff) of AHc. R eff was divided into two parts (R unc and R con) where R unc and R con represent the uncontrolled and controlled R eff , respectively. Based on R unc and R con , an index of effectiveness of countermeasures (I eff) was developed to assess the effectiveness of countermeasures in each outbreak. During the study period, 34 AHC outbreaks were reported in 20 counties of 9 cities in Hunan Province, with a mean total attack rate of 7.04% (95% CI: 4.97-9.11%). the mean R unc of AHC outbreaks was 8.28 (95% CI: 6.46-10.11). No significance of R unc was observed between rural and urban areas (t = −1.296, P = 0.205), among college, secondary, and primary schools (F = 0.890, P = 0.459), different levels of school population (F = 0.738, P = 0.538), and different number of index cases (F = 1.749, P = 0.180). The most commonly implemented countermeasures were case isolation, treatment, and health education, followed by environment disinfection, symptom surveillance, and school closure. Social distance, prophylaxis, and stopping eye exercises temporary were implemented occasionally. the mean value of R con was 0.16 (range: 0.00-1.50). The mean value of I eff was 97.16% (range: 71.44-100.00%). The transmissibility of AHC is high in small-scale outbreaks in china. case isolation, treatment, and health education are the common countermeasures for controlling the disease. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), an infection mostly caused by enterovirus 70 (EV70) and a variant of coxsackievirus A24 (CA24v) 1 , is a rapidly progressive and highly contagious viral disease 2. The disease was first reported in Ghana, Africa, in 1969 and subsequently spread to several other countries 2-7. The first outbreak of AHC in China was reported in Hong Kong in 1971 8. Then the disease spread to almost every province of China, and 613485 AHC cases were reported from 2004 to 2014 9. Although the case fatality of the disease is low, the number of reported cases is high, and therefore it can affect human health worldwide. Mathematical models, including agent-based model and ordinary differential equation model, have been adopted to simulate the transmission of the disease or the assessment of the effectiveness of countermeasures 10-14. In our previous studies 11-13 , the transmissibility of AHC and the effectiveness of countermeasures were estimated by employed several small-scale outbreaks in a limited area. However, the transmissibility of AHC remains unclear.

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