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The morphology of pyrene-based AIEgens changes depending on the water fraction. The different size distribution and morphological changes of nano-particle species play a significant role in enhancing the emission intensity in the aggregated state.

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The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is attractive for medium/high-voltage and high-power applications because of the advantages of its high modularity, availability and high power quality. Due to chemical process, aging effect, etc., the capacitor in the submodule (SM) of the MMC would gradually deteriorate and the capacitance would drop, which would cause unbalanced SM power losses distribution in the same arm of the MMC and affect the reliability of the MMC. This paper proposed an equivalent-reference (ER) control method, which can effectively realize balanced SM power losses distribution in the same arm of the MMC through the voltage-balancing control for the virtual capacitor voltages in the MMC under the capacitor deterioration. The proposed ER control can effectively improve the reliability of the MMC with the balanced SM power losses distribution in the MMC under capacitor deterioration. The simulation studies with the time-domain professional tool PSCAD/EMTDC are conducted and a down-scale MMC prototype is also tested with the proposed control strategy. The study results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.