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SUMMARYThe objective of this work is to analyze the crack and fallout of toughened glass with thicknesses of 6 and 10 mm in enclosure fires. A series of full-scale experiments are conducted in the ISO 9705 fire test room using pool fires with different pan sizes, which are located at the center of the combustion room. The temperature differences between the exposed regions at the fire side and the shaded regions at the ambient side for typical edge positions are measured and compared. The results of both 6-and 10-mm-thick toughened glass suggest that the whole piece of toughened glass cracks and falls out completely when any region of the pane breaks. Relatively large window vents may come into being if the toughened glass breaks. The experimental results also preliminarily show that the critical breakage temperature difference for the 6-mm-thick toughened glass is about 330-380 • C, whereas the corresponding values for 10-mmthick toughened glass are approximately 470-590 • C. It is suggested that the critical breakage temperature difference is larger for thicker toughened glass. The experimental phenomena for both 6-and 10-mm-thick toughened glass indicate that horizontally partitioning windows into several small panes with frames may be helpful and important to prevent the whole large and tall toughened glass from falling out completely in enclosure fires.

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As a powerful variant of the dual‐primal finite‐element tearing and interconnecting (FETI‐DP) method in electromagnetics (EM), the FETI‐DPEM method shows excellent convergence properties and numerical scalability. A key factor affecting the performance of the FETI‐DPEM is the direct solution of sub‐domain FE systems. An efficient direct solver based on hierarchical (ℋ‐) matrix technique is proposed to solve the sub‐domain FE systems. ℋ‐matrix formatted lower‐upper (LU) decomposition with subsequent forward and backward substitution (FBS) can significantly reduce the computational costs of the direct solution with sufficient accuracy. The nested dissection technique is employed to further accelerate the ℋ‐LU decomposition and the ℋ‐FBS. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method is very robust for the three‐dimensional EM simulation.

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