Disassembly planning is considered as the optimization of disassembly sequences with the target of the shortest disassembly time, the lowest disassembly cost, and the minimum disassembly energy consumption. However, obsolete products suffer from the influence of a variety of uncertainties, the disassembly process of products has the strong uncertain feature. Traditionally, to account for this uncertainty, each removal operation or removal task is assumed to be an activity or event with certain probability, and the determination of the optimal path of a disassembly process is merely a probabilistic planning problem based on this assumption. In this article, based on the established stochastic disassembly network graph, combined with different disassembly decisionmaking criterion, typical stochastic models for disassembly time analysis are developed. In addition, a two-phase approach is proposed to solve the typical stochastic models. Initially, according to different removal probability density functions, disassembly probability density functions of feasible disassembly paths are determined by a timedomain method or frequency-domain method, and additionally, after the disassembly probability density functions have been obtained, the quantitative evaluation of a product disassembly process and stochastic optimization of feasible disassembly paths are realized by a numerical solution method. Finally, a numerical example is illustrated to test the proposed concepts and the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Herein, a novel non‐noble metal photocatalyst Co3S4/MnCdS (CS/MCS) for highly efficient hydrogen evolution has been successfully prepared through a simple hydrothermal method. Due to the work function difference between CS and MCS, an interfacial internal electric field is formed at the interface region of CS/MCS when the two components are in intimate contact. Upon light illumination, the photogenerated charge carriers transfer in S‐scheme‐like type through the interfacial CoS bonds. This facilitates charge separation and diffusion and broadens light absorption of the photocatalyst. Thus, the obtained CS/MCS composite shows a superior photocatalytic performance of 7,999.89 μmol h−1 g−1 with a 4.88% apparent quantum efficiency at 420 nm and a good photostability (about 96.2% H2 evolution retention over 5 cycles). To the best of our knowledge, this is a rare research on S‐scheme heterostructure characteristic of type‐I energy band alignment. This work provides new ideas for developing more efficient noble‐metal‐free photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution.