The ability of energy carriers to move within and between atoms and molecules underlies virtually all biochemical and material function. 1 Understanding and controlling energy flow, however, requires observing it on ultrasmall and ultrafast spatiotemporal scales, where energetic and structural roadblocks dictate the fate of energy carriers. 2,3 We therefore developed a universal, noninvasive optical scheme that leverages non-resonant interferometric scattering 4,5 to track tiny changes in material polarizability created by energy carriers. Our approach enables mapping energy transport trajectories in four dimensions of spacetime with few-nanometer precision and directly correlating them to material morphology. We visualize exciton, charge, and heat transport in polyacene, silicon and perovskite semiconductors and elucidate how disorder affects energy flow. As one example, we show that grain boundaries in polycrystalline metal halide perovskites possess lateral-and depth-dependent resistivities that lead to highly anisotropic 3D transport that can help to bias carrier motion toward charge extraction layers. We furthermore reveal new strategies to interpret energy transport in disordered environments that will direct the design of defect-tolerant materials for the semiconductor industry of tomorrow.Energy flow is a ubiquitous phenomenon, central to the function of all biological, chemical and material systems. Elucidating how distinct macroscopic system functions emerge from different structural arrangements of atoms and molecules is a longstanding goal of scientific research, and one that necessarily relies on understanding how energy is transduced and transported between the system's building blocks 1 . Materials science, for example, is undergoing a revolution with a recent burst of new high-performing semiconductors made from a vast diversity of molecular building blocks that can be readily tuned for specific functions 6-8 . Nevertheless, a fundamental understanding of why some semiconductors perform better than others remains elusive 9 , inhibiting the rational design of future materials. The difficulty in gaining such predictive power is compounded by often-encountered nanoscale spatio-energetic disorder, manifested in defects, impurities, and grain boundaries (GBs), that give rise to complex and spatiotemporally heterogeneous energy transport behavior. Elucidating how the microscopic details of a material relate to its emergent optoelectronic function will therefore require the ability to individually, systematically, and easily correlate nanoscale structure to energy flow across a wide range of systems.Supplementary information for: Imaging material functionality through 3D nanoscale tracking of energy flow

The decomposition of CO 2 in a dielectric packed-bed plasma reactor has been studied. It was found that the dielectric properties and morphology of packing dielectric pellets play important roles in the reaction due to their influence on the electron energy distribution in the plasma. The acid-base properties of the packing materials also affect the reaction through the chemisorption of CO 2 on basic sites of the materials. Heterogeneous reactions on the solid surfaces of the dielectric materials also play a role in the reaction, which was also confirmed through the investigation of the influence of the discharge length on the reaction. The reverse reaction of CO 2 decomposition, the oxidation of CO, was also investigated to further understand the role of dielectric materials in the plasma and their effect on plasma reactions. Both the decomposition of CO 2 and the oxidation of CO in nonpacked or dielectric packed reactors are first-ordered.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known for its multidrug resistance. Using data obtained from the cancer transcriptome database Oncomine and the proteome database The Human Protein Atlas, we identified the repression of organic cation transporter OCT2 as a potential factor contributing to oxaliplatin resistance in RCC. By analyzing OCT2 expression in collected patient tissues and commercial tissue microarray specimens, we demonstrated OCT2 repression in RCC at both transcription and protein levels. Epigenetic analysis revealed that the repressed OCT2 promoter in RCC is characterized by hypermethylated CpG islands and the absence of H3K4 methylation. Further mechanistic studies showed that DNA hypermethylation blocked MYC activation of OCT2 by disrupting its interaction with the E-Box motif, which prevented MYC from recruiting MLL1 to catalyze H3K4me3 at the OCT2 promoter and resulted in repressed OCT2 transcription. Targeting this mechanism, we designed a sequential combination therapy and demonstrated that epigenetic activation of OCT2 by decitabine sensitizes RCC cells to oxaliplatin both in vitro and in xenografts. Our study highlights the potential of translating "omics" data into the development of targeted therapies.

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A combined adsorption-discharge plasma catalytic process was used for the removal of NO(x) using zeolites as catalysts without external heating. It was found that the types of plasma carrier gases exert great effect on the conversion of adsorbed NO(x). The conversion of adsorbed NO(x) is much lower in N(2) plasma than in Ar plasma, which is attributed to the reverse reaction, NO(x) formation reaction. The momentary increase of oxygen species derived from the decomposition of adsorbed NO(x) is considered to be the main cause as their collisions with nitrogen species can generate NO(x) again. Thus, solid carbon was added to the catalyst to act as a scavenger for active oxygen species to improve the conversion of adsorbed NO(x) in N(2) plasma. A NO(x) removal rate of 97.8% was obtained on 8.5wt.% carbon mixed H-ZSM-5 at an energy efficiency of 0.758 mmol NO(x)/W·h.