The giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) exhibits sex dimorphism between the male and female individuals. To date, the molecular mechanism governing gonadal development was unclear, and limited data were available on the gonad transcriptome of M. rosenbergii. Here, we conducted comprehensive gonadal transcriptomic analysis of female (ZW), super female (WW), and male (ZZ) M. rosenbergii for gene discovery. A total of 70.33 gigabases (Gb) of sequences were generated. There were 115,338 unigenes assembled with a mean size of 1196 base pair (bp) and N50 of 2195 bp. Alignment against the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant nucleotide/protein sequence database (NR and NT), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, SwissProt database, Protein family (Pfam), Gene ontology (GO), and the eukaryotic orthologous group (KOG) database, 36,282 unigenes were annotated at least in one database. Comparative transcriptome analysis observed that 10,641, 16,903, and 3393 genes were significantly differentially expressed in ZW vs. ZZ, WW vs. ZZ, and WW vs. ZW samples, respectively. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) resulted in 268, 153, and 42 significantly enriched GO terms, respectively, and a total of 56 significantly enriched KEGG pathways. Additionally, 23 putative sex-related genes, including Gtsf1, IR, HSP21, MRPINK, Mrr, and other potentially promising candidate genes were identified. Moreover, 56,241 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified. Our findings provide a valuable archive for further functional analyses of sex-related genes and future discoveries of underlying molecular mechanisms of gonadal development and sex determination. delicious flesh and high value nutrition. Like other crustaceans, M. rosenbergii displays sexual dimorphic growth pattern: The male individuals grow much larger and faster than the females [1,2]. Thus, based on the economic impact, developing the monosex population culture as the efficient approach to boost production has received great attention from researchers in M. rosenbergii. Nevertheless, the premise of monosex culture is to understand the molecular mechanism of sex determination, as well as to unravel sex-related genes.Studies on sex determination have proved that many macruran species exhibit the ZW/ZZ sex determination system [3][4][5]. In M. rosenbergii, sex reversal experiments proposed that the female prawns bear the ZW sex chromosomes, and the male individuals bear the ZZ chromosomes [1,6,7]. Subsequently, isolation of sex-specific markers further deepened the insight of the ZW/ZZ sex determination mode [8,9]. Recently, Ma et al. have confirmed that M. rosenbergii has the ZW/ZZ sex determination system based on the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library, and nine genes were unraveled to be the key sex-linked genes by PacBio sequencing. Amongst, three genes, including zinc knuckle domain (ZKD), reverse transcriptase, and ANCDUO, protein homologs were known genes without characteri...

Compared to cow milk, buffalo milk contains more protein, fat, and vitamin. Buffalo milk is an ideal food in human life. Sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1 (SREBP1), an important transcription factor, regulates the expression and activity of enzyme and protein involved in milk fat synthesis to influence on the synthesis and secretion of triglyceride in mammary epithelial cells. In the present study, we successfully isolated buffalo mammary epithelial cell by using enzymatic digestion, and then described the growth characteristics and expression characteristics of mammary epithelial cells. Moreover, we cloned the SREBP1 gene from total RNA isolated from milk fat globule and analyzed the function of the SREBP1 gene. After infected with shRNA‐SREBP1 lentiviral particle and treated with fatty acid, the expression trend of ACACA, FABP3, FAS, SCD, ERK1, ERK2, PPARy, and Insigl genes was consistent with the expression trend of SREBP1 gene. These results suggested that SREBP1 gene is a central transcription factor in regulating milk fat synthesis and SREBP1 gene may act on ERK1/ERK2 signaling pathway to regulate the expression of PPARy gene. The current study will provide a theoretical basis for further reveal the molecular mechanism of milk fat synthesis in buffalo mammary epithelial cells. Practical applications This study aim to separate and analysis characterization of mammary epithelial cell in buffalo. Compared to cow milk, buffalo milk contains more protein, fat, and vitamin. Buffalo milk is an ideal food in human life. This study will provide a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of milk fat synthesis in buffalo mammary epithelial cells.

Civilization is the internal value of culture, and culture is the external manifestation of civilization. Exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations is an important driving force to promote the progress of human civilization and world peace and development. Folk songs in Enshi Ethnic Region are rooted in the very land rich in Chinese culture and reflect the local conditions and customs of the region. It is beneficial to explore the translation, introduction and evaluation of the folk songs in the area so as to promote the development of Chinese minority culture. Based on the English translation of Laborers' Song (抬 工號子) and A Song for My Lover(唱起山歌送情郎), this paper discusses principles and techniques in the English translation of Enshi folk songs. It holds that the background, cultural connotation and language style of the two types of folk songs are quite different. We should return to the philosophical origin of translation. We should not only focus on Enshi language and culture, but also use English as the carrier to interpret the corresponding folk songs accurately, comprehensively and appropriately through representing the semantic and cultural connotation of lyrics. In short, both adoption and adaptation are intertwined in the translation process.