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This article explores the impact of health human capital on the poverty trap in Sub-Saharan Africa by autoregressive distribution lag model. In the long run, there is no evidence that health human capital can help the Sahara out of the poverty trap. While health human capital has a significant effect on poverty reduction in the short term. There is a threshold effect in the poverty reduction model of healthy human capital. When the economic development level reaches the threshold, the effect of poverty reduction is more obvious and deeper. The extended Solow economic growth model also proved that if the external human capital breaks through the threshold, it can make developing countries get rid of the poverty trap. Therefore, the economic development brought about by health care expenditure must benefit the poor in Sub-Saharan Africa and allow them to enjoy the welfare of social security.

This study applies the slack-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) method to measure energy efficiency and tests the spatial spill-over effects of fiscal decentralisation, industrial structure and energy efficiency using the spatial Durbin model. The results show that China's energy efficiency presents a clear geographical step distribution, and the Eastern and Western regions have higher energy efficiency than the Central region. Fiscal decentralisation has a positive effect on the energy efficiency of the Eastern and Central regions by upgrading the industrial structure. In addition, fiscal decentralisation has significant, positive externalities on the surrounding areas, promoting environmental protection and energy conservation in all regions of China. The results are in line with the tenets of environmental federalism (Oates & Schwab): through the allocation and transfer of industrial factors, fiscal decentralisation affects energy governance. Therefore, local governments should formulate policies and targets according to their regions' different economic development levels, and the Central and Western areas, which have greater space for improvement and low energy efficiency, should receive attention to balance regional differences.

From the perspective of crude oil price, this paper investigates the effects of new energy vehicles on air quality by applying a time-varying parameter–stochastic volatility–vector autoregression model. NEVs benefits from the continuous adjustment and improvement of subsidy standards by the Chinese government, and the share of new energy vehicles in the market has been continuously improved. The empirical results show that the increase in new energy vehicles can reduce PM2.5 emissions, which is also consistent with the energy and environment theoretical model, and replacing traditional energy with new energy is helpful for controlling environmental pollution. Oil price has a direct negative impact on PM2.5 concentration, and the influence of new energy vehicles on air quality is also regulated by changes in oil price. A high oil price leads to an increase in driving costs, and consumers are more inclined to purchase new energy vehicles, which achieves the purpose of improving air quality to a certain extent. To improve the air quality, the relevant departments should adjust the subsidy policy of new energy vehicles according to the change in oil price and appropriately increase gasoline or diesel consumption taxes to provide development space for the new energy vehicle market.

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