Background The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) expression is associated with clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of various cancers; however, the conclusions are controversial. As a result, this study aimed to explore the clinicopathological and prognostic values of RACK1 expression in patients with cancer. Methodology PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were comprehensively explored from their inception to April 20, 2023, for selecting studies on the clinicopathological and prognostic role of RACK1 in patients with cancer that met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the prognosis-predictive value of RACK1 expression, while pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were used to evaluate the correlation between RACK1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with cancer. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results Twenty-two studies (13 on prognosis and 20 on clinicopathological characteristics) were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The findings indicated that high RACK1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.13–2.33; P = 0.009; I2 = 89%) and reversely correlated with disease-free survival/recurrence-free survival (HR = 1.87; 95% CI, 1.22–2.88; P = 0.004; I2 = 0%). Furthermore, increased RACK1 expression was significantly associated with lymphatic invasion/N+ stage (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.04–2.90; P = 0.04; I2 = 79%) of tumors. Conclusions RACK1 may be a global predictive marker of poor prognosis in patients with cancer and unfavorable clinicopathological characteristics. However, further clinical studies are required to validate these findings.

A deep equilibrium model (DEQ) is implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite-depth weight-tied model with an input-injection. Instead of infinite computations, it solves an equilibrium point directly with root-finding and computes gradients with implicit differentiation.The training dynamics of over-parameterized DEQs are investigated in this study. By supposing a condition on the initial equilibrium point, we show that the unique equilibrium point always exists during the training process, and the gradient descent is proved to converge to a globally optimal solution at a linear convergence rate for the quadratic loss function. In order to show that the required initial condition is satisfied via mild over-parameterization, we perform a fine-grained analysis on random DEQs. We propose a novel probabilistic framework to overcome the technical difficulty in the non-asymptotic analysis of infinite-depth weight-tied models.

The trace number of impurities such as CO, H2, H2O, and CH4, which existed in the primary coolant of High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGR), has an adverse effect on the structural metallic materials at elevated temperatures. Mainly, it includes oxidation, decarburization, and carburization. The simulative corrosion test was conducted on the four alternative materials of the steam generator in HTGR: Inconel 617, Incoloy 800H, Hastelloy X, and T-22. At 950°C, the alloys were exposed to the helium and argon with impurities for 50 hours. The corroded samples were analyzed by weighing, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Inconel 617, Incoloy 800H, and Hastelloy X formed the chromerich scale on the surface. Due to the low oxidizable elements content and low oxygen partial pressure, the continuous scale of T-22 alloy was not observed. Although Inconel 617 and Incoloy 800H formed the thick oxidation layer, pores on the surface may weaken the corrosion resistance. For Inconel 617, the Chromium Depletion occurred near the corrosion layer. In addition, the high temperature alloys showed similar corrosion behaviors in the helium and argon with trace impurities. This proves that the corrosion behavior of superalloys at 950°C will not change after replacing helium with argon, providing an alternative to helium in the corrosion test atmosphere.

No abstract