BackgroundCausal research concerning the consumption of tea and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. This study identified the potential causal effects of tea intake on CKD, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albuminuria.MethodsGenome-wide association studies (GWASs) from UK Biobank were able to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with an extra cup of tea each day. The summary statistics for the kidney function from the CKDGen consortium include 11,765 participants (12,385 cases of CKD) and 54,116 participants for the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio who were mostly of European descent. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to test the relationship between the selected SNPs and the risk of CKD.ResultsA total of 2,672 SNPs associated with tea consumption (p < 5 × 10–8) were found, 45 of which were independent and usable in CKDGen. Drinking more cups of tea per day indicates a protective effect for CKD G3-G5 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.803; p = 0.004] and increases eGFR (β = 0.019 log ml/min/1.73 m2 per cup per day; p = 2.21 × 10–5). Excluding two SNPs responsible for directional heterogeneity (Cochran Q p = 0.02), a high consumption of tea was also negatively correlated with a lower risk of albuminuria (OR = 0.758; p = 0.002).ConclusionFrom the perspective of genes, causal relationships exist between daily extra cup of tea and the reduced risk of CKD and albuminuria and increased eGFR.

ObjectiveExcessive fear of progression can affect the mental health, social function, and wellbeing of patients with chronic diseases. This study investigated the fear of progression (FoP) and the socio-demographic and clinical predictors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodThe present study is a multi-center cross-sectional study. Inpatients with T2DM were recruited by a multi-stage convenience sampling method from the department of endocrinology in 5 tertiary hospitals in Southwest China. 459 T2DM patients were consecutively enrolled. Socio-demographic, clinical data, and answers to the fear of progression questionnaire (FoP-Q) were collected.Results385 patients with complete data were eligible. The average score of FoP-Q-SF was 26.84 and 23.1% of patients reached the dysfunctional fear of progression criterion. The greatest fears were worrying about “disease progression,” “the adverse reactions of medication,” and “relying on strangers for activities of daily living.” Health education (P < 0.001), age (P = 0.002), hypoglycemia history (P = 0.006), employment status (P = 0.025) and duration since being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (P = 0.032) were the related factors of fear of progression.ConclusionEarly assessment of the fear of progression was imperative to identify dysfunctional fear of progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, the meaning of these predictors for strengthening healthcare professions education and patients self-management might help healthcare givers timely perform related interventions and help patients reduce their fear of progression thus actively cooperate with T2DM treatments.