PDA has been applied in the biomedical field that for drug delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering biosensing applications. [10-12] Because of its specific structure, PDA is capable of loading antitumor drugs (such as doxorubicin (DOX)) via π-π stacking or hydrogen bonding interactions, with loading rates as high as 91%. Surprisingly, in addition to its strong ability to adsorb drugs, PDA is effective in releasing drugs by internal stimulation (hydrogen peroxide) or from an external stimulus (nearinfrared (NIR) irradiation), reducing the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. [13-15] Moreover, by exhibiting 40% light-to-heat conversion efficiency, PDA can act as a photothermal agent, able to produce sufficient heat to ablate cancer cells when irradiated with 808 nm NIR light. Compared with other photothermal materials, including carbon or copper-based nanomaterials and gold nanoparticles, the photothermal conversion effect of PDA is greater with better biocompatibility. [16-20] It has been reported that monotherapy has multiple limitations due to its heterogeneity and the drug resistance of tumors, with synergistic therapies that are more effective for cancer treatment. [21] Because of the large number of catechol and amine groups, PDA displays superior adhesion, endowing PDA films with the ability to adhere to a variety of material surfaces, such as gold nanoparticles, iron oxide, silica, and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA). Thus, PDA has been utilized to functionalize almost every form of nanomaterial by dopamine polymerization. More importantly, a layer of PDA provides nanomaterials with highly desirable properties, including the ability to be loaded with drugs allowing their controlled-release, excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and biocompatibility, and so facilitating the creation of multifunctional drug delivery systems for combined treatment by combining photothermal therapy (PTT) or chemotherapy with other therapies. [22-25] Additionally, the catechol and amino groups on PDA provide a bridge for subsequent modification. For example, PDA can act as a link to introduce tumor-targeting ligands using its amine and thiol groups via a Michael addition or Schiff reaction, allowing nanoparticles to become enriched at the tumor site. [26-28] Using these properties of PDA, researchers have developed diverse forms of PDA-based multifunctional platforms for synergistic cancer therapies. Wang et al. [29] reviewed Polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired molecule, has been recognized as attractive in cancer therapy due to a number of inherent advantages, such as good biocompatibility, outstanding drug-loading capacity, degradability, superior photothermal conversion efficiency, and low tissue toxicity. Furthermore, due to its strong adhesive property, PDA is able to functionalize various nanomaterials, facilitating the construction of a PDA-based multifunctional platform for targeted or synergistic therapy. Herein, recent PDA research, including targeted drug delivery, single-mode therapy, and diverse...

This study was performed to examine the epidemiological features of maxillofacial fracture, including the incidence, causes, age and sex distribution, methods of treatment, and prognosis, in a local area. A retrospective study was performed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of 829 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in a hospital in northern China from August 2011 to July 2019. Sex, age, etiology, fracture site, and treatment method were obtained from the medical records. The average age of all 829 patients was 36.1 years, and most patients were in the 20- to 29-year age group. The male to female ratio was 3.04:1.00. Traffic accidents were the main cause of the maxillofacial fractures. The mandible was the most commonly fractured bone, and the parasymphysis was the most frequently affected site. Head injury was the most common associated injury. Open surgery with internal fixation was the first-choice treatment for most cases. Traffic accidents were the main cause of maxillofacial fractures, followed by falling. Open surgery with internal fixation was the leading treatment choice. Both functional and esthetic outcomes should be considered in the treatment of maxillofacial fractures

Interferons (IFNs) are a large family of pleiotropic cytokines that regulate both innate and adaptive immunity and show anti-cancer effects in various cancer types. Moreover, it was revealed that IFN signaling plays critical roles in the success of cancer therapy strategies, thereby enhancing their therapeutic effects. However, IFNs have minimal or even adverse effects on cancer eradication, and mediate cancer immune escape in some instances. Thus, IFNs have a double-edged effect on the cancer immune response. Recent studies suggest that IFNs regulate each step of the cancer immunity-cycle, consisting of cancer antigen release, presentation of antigens and activation of T cells, trafficking and infiltration of effector T cells into the tumor microenvironment, and recognition and killing of cancer cells, which contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of IFNs in regulating cancer immunity. In this review, we focus on IFNs and cancer immunity and elaborate on the roles of IFNs in regulating the cancerimmunity cycle.

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